During the infection, the body’s immune system will create antibodies which fights the virus. This usually results in life long immunity to the chicken pox virus. • It is uncommon for a person to be affected by chicken pox more than once. • Chicken pox is usually an infection that affects children but can affect adults if they did not have chicken pox as a child. What causes it?
Extra Credit Assignment HSA 535 Dr. Paul Emeka March 24, 2014 Abstract This paper will focus on the views of epidemiology, it will give informative information on the content about health care, it will discuss views on changed and it discuss the best way to apply the principle of epidemiology. Health care services can be made to be responsive to the prevailing population conditions, such as diseases and deaths from certain conditions, and increases in the minority and elderly subgroups. Your views on the role of epidemiology. Include informative content about health care in general and public health in particular in actively and vigilantly addressing health concerns in the United States and abroad.
It has been said by some medical professionals that between the ages of nine (9) – fourteen (14), all young females be given the HPV vaccination to prevent the spread of the infection at an early stage. In recent times. there has been a controversy with the HPV vaccine and whether it should be administered to young girls in the nation's primary schools. Most of the controversy over this vaccine comes from the fact that some religious beliefs think that it will promote sexual promiscuity. Cervical cancer kills 4,000 women each year in the U.S. 90% of the cases of cervical cancer are attributable to the HPV virus.
However, the pill went on to cause more than 10,000 babies to be born with birth defects (Science). Thousands of babies had deformities because tests on hamsters and rats showed the pill to be effective. Additionally, “Animal tests on the arthritis drug Vioxx showed that it had a protective effect on the hearts of mice, yet the drug went on to cause more than 25,000 heart attacks and sudden cardiac deaths before being pulled from the market” (Vioxx). Animal testing is extremely misleading in the medical field. Scientists attempt to link the results of testing drugs on animals to its effectiveness on humans.
Once the HIV virus had established itself within a host, it was down to human activity to spread the virus. The HIV virus is spread from person to person mainly via sexual intercourse, specifically bodily fluid transmissions, these include blood, semen, vaginal fluid and breast milk. However if people did not move about, then HIV/AIDS would not have become a global problem and would have stayed mainly in one area. [1] HIV/AIDS was able to spread globally and amplify due to the movement of humans via trails, roads, migration and aeroplanes. As one person infected with HIV may not see any symptoms for around 10 years, that one person is able to infect every person that they are sexually involved with.
Chickenpox (or chicken pox) is a highly contagious disease caused by primary infection with varicella zoster virus (VZV).It usually starts with vesicular skin rash mainly on the body and head rather than at the periphery and becomes itchy, raw pockmarks, which mostly heal without scarring. Chickenpox is an airborne disease spread easily through coughing or sneezing of ill individuals or through direct contact with secretions from the rash. A person with chickenpox is infectious one to two days before the rash appears. They remain contagious until all lesions have crusted over (this takes approximately six days). Immunocompromised patients are contagious during the entire period as new lesions keep appearing.
According to the World Health Organization (WHO, 2011) “Epidemiology is the study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events (including disease), and the application of this study to the control of diseases and other health problems. Various methods can be used to carry out epidemiological investigations: surveillance and descriptive studies can be used to study distribution; analytical studies are used to study determinants” (para. 1). Epidemiology was first developed to discover and understand the possible causes of contagious diseases (smallpox, typhoid, and polio) but expanded to include the study of factors associated with nontransmissible diseases like cancer, and poisonings caused by environmental agents (Cornell University, 1993, para. 1).
Food and Drugs as Public Health Issues Chapter 13 1 Learning Objectives Describe six ways that food affects health and disease Identify the steps in a foodborne outbreak investigation Identify the roles played by the FDA, CDC, and U.S. Department of Agriculture in food safety Describe the phases of drug approval by the FDA Explain the safety limitations of traditional approaches to drug approval Describe the role of post-market surveillance in drug safety. Describe recent changes in the FDA laws for food and also for drugs. Identify other categories of products besides foods and drugs regulated by the FDA. 2 Ways Food Can Affect Health and Disease Too little Too much Deficiencies – vitamins, minerals Box 13-1 Pellagra Deficiency Contaminants Individual susceptibilities Foodborne communicable diseases in th U.S., each year, cause: 1 in 6 to get sick >100,000 hospitalizations 3,000 deaths 3 Steps in Foodborne Outbreak Investigation Figure 13-1 Reproduced from Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Foodborne Outbreak Investigations.
These viruses would both become a severe virus for all humanity to recognize. The H1N1 disease was first detected in the United States in August 2009 and would later be known as the “swine flu”. This was because this disease was mostly found hosting in pigs. There was not much concern since the symptoms were similar to the seasonal flu but in a couple months these concerns would soon come to haunt them. Just two months after the first detections the swine flu it was now classified as a pandemic.
Chickenpox is an airborne disease which spreads easily through coughing or sneezing of ill individuals or through direct contact with secretions from the rash. A person with chickenpox is infectious one to two days before the rash appears. They remain contagious until all lesions have crusted over (this takes approximately six days). Immunocompromised patients are contagious during the entire period as new lesions keep appearing. Crusted lesions are not contagious.