Since the Enlightenment liberalism had flourished. This resulted in the conservative right nurturing fascism as a literal antithesis to democracy. Fascism was more of an ethos than a political ideology and incorporated concepts from contemporary genius such as Charles Darwin and Friedrich Nietzsche to validate the expansionist mindset. (See Appendices 1 & 2) Imperial Russia under the Tsars had always been synonymous with oppression, and the rise of both Lenin and Stalin was less accountable to charisma than to ruthlessness, with one hard-liner simply replacing another. At the beginning of the 1900’s, Russian society was suffering while Western Europeans were seeing increasing civic powers.
When this happened there were enormous hopes for reforms benefiting the working and middle classes, the major instigators of this revolution, but Louis Philippe quickly became a severe disappointment by resorting to corruption and repression to maintain and enforce power, and by turning a blind eye to the rising tide of urban migration and poverty. Instead of establishing a republic, like many had hoped, the July Revolution resulted in the establishment of yet another monarchy. Among the first acts of Louis Philippe was the proclamation of
Both Tsars were thoroughly progressive, bringing reform to Russian bureaucracies and institutions that had slowly stagnated. In addition, both Ivan IV and Peter I succeeded in centralizing authority around the monarchy. Indeed, Peter the Great professed himself to be an admirer of Ivan’s. But the common perception of Ivan the Terrible’s rule as truly “terrible” in comparison to Peter’s is not without base. The latter half of Ivan IV’s reign would be characterized by a bloody reign of terror by the dreaded oprichnik and drawn out military failures in the Baltic.
How accurate is it to say that the growth of reformist groups in the years from 1881 was the main cause of the 1905 Revolution? The 1905 Revolution was the start of political change in Russia, unlike other major European powers of the time, Russia was being ruled by an autocratic government and any effective reforms would have had to been by ‘change from above’. However, the Tsar Alexander III and his son, Nicholas II were firm conservatives and this ideal route would not have happened. Resentment to the lack of change created the growth of reformist governments and caused a Revolution which catalysed the much needed change in Russia. There were many factors that created a base for the reformist groups to flourish at that time in Russia which in turn created a Revolution.
His major problem was that he tried to stand above politics and rally support from issue to issue in the Reichstag. He wanted the members of the Reichstag to act more selflessly and although this seems admirable, it did not work. Political parties put their own interests ahead of national interests, particularly the Conservatives. The first problem faced by the government under Caprivi was the tariff policy. Ever since 1879, Germany had upheld a policy of protection for both agriculture and industry.
A Woman’s Portrayal in “To the Troops at Tilbury”, Shakespeare’s Sonnet 130, and The Tragedy of Mariam As the Renaissance began, we find that, much like the ancient days, women gain and then lose rights as the historical and political faces of Europe change. Even during Queen Elizabeth’s rule, as the de facto King of England, she was forced to uphold the standards given to a woman during the time. However, as we see in her speech “To the Troops at Tilbury” Queen Elizabeth also blurred the lines of masculinity and femininity as she to the role of a true king and all the masculine responsibility and strength that came with the title. As a male writer Shakespeare was able to quietly ask for change in society’s view of women in his satirical sonnet 130. Throughout the entire sonnet he mocks the ideas of women’s perfection in the Renaissance, and shows that no woman is perfect.
The pressure of the revolution on the autocracy made the Tsar take drastic political action to appease the revolting classes. He had started of with the October Manifesto, a legislation which consisted of a number of points of reform drawn up under Weete, promising the people Civil liberties, Freedom of Speech, Freedom of assembly, and the promise that no laws were to be introduced without the agreement of the Duma. However, it was not necessary that the Duma should introduce legislation. Stolypin’s reforms create huge debate between historians arguing whether they were successful or just a show of democracy and really did nothing and Russia continued to be an autocratic state that repressed its lower classes. Stolypin heavily focused reforms on stamping out radicalism, just after the failure of the 1905 revolution the Tsarist state feared that the failure of the revolution, would just fuel the
It was agreed on that France was not punished militarily or economically. Prince Klemens von Metternich, Austrian’s foreign minister, sought to offset French strength with a balance of power leading to territorial gains by most of the continental European powers. In addition, Austria, Russia and Prussia formed the “Holy Alliance” to actively confront the revolutionary and nationalist energies that the French Revolution had unleashed. The Alliance repressed republican and nationalist ideas in universities and the press; they defeated liberal revolutions in Spain and Italy. They also attempted to meet the potential challenge posed by subversive ideas.
Factors suggesting that enemies at Court were important might include: • an understanding of the role of Anne Boleyn and of Norfolk who had made it a matter of personal ambition to be rid of Wolsey • Wolsey had made many enemies whilst in office. Serving the King, and especially increasing his revenue had stirred a bitterness that only waited for an outlet • jealousy may have been a factor. Wolsey had dominated preferment and favour, not only as the distributor but also as the recipient. Hampton Court was the physical reminder of this • many at court opposed Wolsey’s foreign policy reversal – indeed this was key. By 1529 England was diplomatically isolated and this might be considered a consequence of Wolsey’s advances to the French • the increasingly central position of Norfolk, Suffolk and Rochford at Court was recognised even by Wolsey in the Eltham Ordinances.
Louis Napoleon claimed that sovereignty of the people was his first priority, but it is obvious that his authoritarian rule actually came first. However, The Bonapartist regime became a little more liberal in the 1860’s as Louis Napoleon became more lenient on press censorship, he allowed for open debates to take place in the parliament. He also began urban renewal and development projects in Paris and constructed railways which encouraged and created economic development. He appeared to be a very reliable and suitable emperor, but his main downfall was his terrible decisions when it came to his foreign policy which ultimately led to his demise. France was in a bad state after the revolutions of 1848 which was sparked, because the King Louis-Philippe and his ministers refused an extension to the franchise.