The endocrine system consists of mainly the pituitary and pineal glands in the brain, the thyroid and parathyroid in the throat, the thymus gland which is located near the heart, the adrenal and sexual glands. The hypothalamus also plays an important role in stimulating certain hormones from the pituitary gland. On a lesser degree neurons also secrete hormones into the bloodstream. The pituitary gland lies close to the hypothalamus of the brain and is often referred to as the master gland. This is because it secretes various hormones that control all the other glands in the body when stimulated by the hypothalamus.
It has widespread connections with the rest of the forebrain and the midbrain. Partly through nerves and partly through hypothalamic hormones, the hypothalamus conveys messages to the pituitary gland, altering its release of hormones (Kalat, 2003). According to “American Accreditation Health Commission,” The hypothalamus is responsible for certain metabolic processes and other activities of the autonomic nervous system. It synthesizes and secretes certain neurohormones, often called hypothalamic-releasing hormones, and these in turn stimulate or inhibit the secretion of pituitary hormones. The hypothalamus controls body temperature, hunger, thirst, fatigue, sleep, and circadian cycle.
It is also a result of the action of molecules such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), placental growth factor (PlGF), soluble endoglin (sEng), placental protein 13 (PP13), P Selectin, angiotensin receptor 1 auto antibodies (AT1-AA) and neurokinin B. They all act to affect angiogenesis - the production of new blood vessels - and hence cause hypertension, proteinurea and the other symptoms of pre-eclampsia. I also looked into the risk factors of pre-eclampsia and found that women over the age of 40, those with previous history (personal or family) of preeclampsia, women with multiple pregnancies, insulin dependence, and chronic hypertension all have an increased risk of preeclampsia. Also, ladies with renal disease, antiphospholipid dsyndrome, high BMI, those who conceive through reproductive techniques and those from a Caucasian, African or afrocarribean background have an increased risk of pre-eclampsia. I have concluded that pre-eclampsia is a multifactorial disease.
Abstract A major part of the endocrine system consists of the pituitary gland also known as the Master gland because is controls many body functions. This gland secretes many different hormones into the bloodstream to target organs and is controlled by the hypothalamus. There are two parts to the pituitary gland; one is called the anterior lobe, and the other is the posterior lobe. The pituitary gland has many important function in body growth, metabolism, child birth and many others. If a problem arises within the pituitary gland, or hypothalamus, disorders and tumors may occur.
Usually, there are no signs in the early stages of cervical cancer. The signs can only be observed as the disease advances, for example, abnormal vaginal bleeding, pain during sexual intercourse, pelvic pain and heavy vaginal discharge. The main cause of cervical cancer is because of uncontrolled abnormal cells division. This results in the formation of tumour, an excessive accumulation of abnormal cells. Several ways, for instance, surgery, chemotherapy and radiation therapy can be used to treat cervical cancer.
In the clinical, adrenal teratoma is most occured in young women, the right area and 90% are benign[6]. The patients have no symptoms in the early time. Most of them can be found in the hospital routine physical examination. With the increase of the tumor, the oppression of the surrounding organs or secondary infection can cause the symptom, such as low back pain, paroxysmal abdominal pain [7]. In our case , the patient was diagnosed as hamartoma by radiologist at first.
Therefore, platelets undergo degranulation the exocytosis of their cytoplasmic granules and release of factors that promote hemostasis. Aggregation is occurs when serotonin (vasoconstrictor), ADP (attracts more platelets and stimulates their degranulation), and thromboxane A2 (stimulates degranulation and vasoconstriction) are released. Thus it can quickly seal a small break in blood vessel. Coagulation is the last process of the hemostasis. It has three ways; intrinsic, extrinsic and common pathways.
MELATONIN, IMMUNITY AND STEROIDS ABSTRACT Melatonin is the secretion of pineal gland and a broad range of physiological functions are modulated by this hormone. Available finding of research shows that it is an immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory hormone. In this review, melatonin and its interactions with immune system as well as steroids have been discussed. The immune system protects the body from microorganisms present all around the environment. The anti-inflammatory nature of melatonin connects it with the immune system.
Although the infant is finally discharged in good condition, the mistake is a hard lesson for all healthcare workers. Let’s take a closer look at how the error had happened. Phytonadione, an antidote of Coumadin, is frequently used in the prevention of blood thinning in the newborn. The common brand name in the United States includes AquaMephyton and Mephyton. According to Schull’s drug handbook (2006), Phytonadione acts on the liver to promote the production of active prothrombin, proconvertin, plasma thromboplastin component, and Stuart factor.
At puberty the estrogen causes breast development and the maturation of the vagina and ovaries. Estrogen is also responsible for the fat around the bodie such as around the hips and in the thighs. The other main female sex hormone is called progesterone wich actually works together with the estrogen sex hormone. They work together so they can regulate the menstrual cycle.Estrogen builds up the lining of the uterus.In the Follicular phase, estrogen helps mature the egg prior to its release (ovulation).Once the egg is released from the ovary, estrogen production subsides and progesterone takes over.This part of the cycle is called the Ovulatory Phase.Progesterone is the hormone that takes over and waits for a fertilized egg to get to the uterus. If the egg is not fertilized progesterone is responsible for the sloughing off of the lining of the uterus.When progesterone begins to build up and estrogen levels decrease many women can notice differences in their body.