The last thing that B. F. Skinner was learning was that, to speed up the response acquisition during operant conditioning is to reinforce successive approximations to desired responses. This approach was called shaping. We might first reward the rat for turning toward the response bar. Once the rat has learned this behavior, we might withhold reinforcement until the rat moves towards the bar. Later we might reward it only for sniffing the bar or touching it with its nose or paw.
Abnormal or radical behavior could therefore “be explained by hereditary factors in combination with poor environmental conditions” (Oreland, Leppert, Hallman, Lindström, Nilsson, K., Sjöberg, R., …Öhrvik, J., 2006). There are two key components in serotonin regulation within the brain, an enzyme, monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A) and the serotonin transporter protein (5-HTT/SLC6A4), which transports the neurotransmitter serotonin from synapses to presynaptic neuron. Functional “variations in the promoter regions allow for division of both these genes into a short and a long allele” (Oreland et al., 2006) proven to exert low and high transcriptional activities, respectively (as cited in Sabol, Hu, & Hamer, 1998; as cited in Lesch, Bengel, Heils, Sabol, Greenberg, Benjamin, … Murphy, 1996). Transcription factor AP-2β has been suggested to influence brain
This is a random turning point or movement of an animal in relation to stimulus. For example, an organism responds to bright light by moving away. In this case the bill bug responds to the wet paper towel by moving away from it and going to a terrain where it is feels safe. If anybody is thinking about trying this experiment I have a few recommendations for them. I suggest using more pill bugs than we used maybe use around 10 pill bugs to come up with more accurate data.
Evaluate two theories which seek to explain the development of attachment. Your evaluation must include reference to the nature-nurture debate. Discuss the long-term impact of early experiences on later development. Is our psychological behaviour a result from our genes? Or could it be because of the environment we are brought up into.
Biological Approach | PY1 PY1 | Model answers for biological approach | Sumi Prasobh AS Level | 1a) Outline two assumptions of the biological approach (4 marks) One assumption of the biological approach is that our personalities and behaviors are biologically determined. Lab research found that we’re a product of our brain structure. The balance of neurotransmitters, such as dopamine and adrenaline has directly been found to affect our mood, thoughts and personalities. For example Hans Selye found that both humans and animals are biologically determined to react in the same predictable way to the threat of a stressor for aiding survival. Another assumption is that certain regions of the brain determine certain behaviors.
And in his definition of the gene, he tells of the seven theories of the functions, like how genes are developmental switches expressing themselves in specific tissues. And explanations of certain genes done early in the book show his in depth knowledge of genes. Like language, for example, is a learned and acquired skill. He further explains that damage/malfunction to/of the FOXP2 gene causes an inability to learn how
Individuals who live in the environment has behavioral issues and things need to change for the better of the environment. Individuals take time for beliefs of the environmental ethics. To use the five methods for individuals to handle environmental issues there should be more education on what can help them with their change of beliefs for environmental ethics. First method is awareness of the behavior of the society and the challenges of the environment. Contemplation can help individuals engage into the issue for they can be aware of what's going on in their society.
The hippocampus on the other side is responsible for the production of corticosteroids (chemicals that produce physiological responses to stimuli). How the mind creates memories is controlled by the hippocampus. So as to work efficiently, the amygdala and the hippocampus rely on each other greatly. The amygdala regulates the responses to stimuli and the hippocampus uses these responses in the formation of both short-term and long-term memories. Damage to the amygdala or hippocampus causes loss of emotions and memory respectively.
He also claims that the rise of ecological problems on the scale now occurring is a cultural phenomenon. If this is true, then a search for the roots of the cultural attitudes could show us how we might change our culture in order to effectively address these ecological problems. White basis his ideas on several key historical claims. These claims include, science and technology in its current form is typically Western and early employment of technology to drive the machines of production is also Western. White speculates that the beginnings of the change in attitude came with changes in ways of viewing humans' relationship with the local environment that came with the invention of, for instance, the furrowing plow.
To further understand a how a crime can be committed by a young child, Albert Bandura’s theory that humans can learn without reinforcement called “modeling” is a good explanation. Bandura defines modeling as “people copying what they see others do” (p.42). The results we see in a young child’s behavior are resulted from biological development, as well. First, let’s explore two critical parts of a 6 year old child’s brain; the limbic system and the prefrontal cortex. The limbic system is the part of the brain divided in three major areas controlling expression and regulation of emotion.