The cerebrum, which develops from the front portion of the forebrain, is the largest part of the mature brain. It consists of two large masses, called cerebral hemispheres, which are almost mirror images of each other. They are connected by a deep bridge of nerve fibers called the corpus callosum and are separated by a layer called the falx cerebri. The cerebrum or cortex is associated with higher brain function such as thought and action. White matter is a component of the central nervous system, in the brain and superficial spinal cord, and consists mostly of glial cells and myelinated axons that transmit signals from one region of the cerebrum to another and between the cerebrum and lower brain centers.
Its primary functions are producing, maintaining and repairing neurons along the long extension of the axons (Rodriquez, 2003). Moreover, it separates axons in the white matter of the brain by stopping nerves signals from short-circuiting. Furthermore, around most axons, the myelin furnishes a coating of electrical insulation that aids in preventing the shortage or loss of electrical signal from an action
Blood brain barriers thus play a crucial role in maintaining homeostasis in the brain. The endothelial cells serve the function of restricting diffusion of microscopic materials such as bacteria and hydrophilic or large molecules into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) on the one hand, while permitting passage of micro hydrophobic molecules e.g. carbon dioxide, oxygen, alcohols, steroids (Nag, 2003). Diffusion of water-soluble molecules such as chloride ions, potassium, and sodium through the BBB is facilitated by special carrier molecules. Lesch-Nyhan syndrome Lesch-Nyhan syndrome, also referred to as Kelley-Seegmiller syndrome or HPRT deficiency refers to a rare genetic disorder caused by the deficiency of hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HGPRT) enzyme, which is produced through mutations in the HPRT gene found on the X chromosome.
A 1 C 10 B 5 ( D 15 11. The product of 763 and 5 498 lies between A 0.4 million and 0.5 million B 0.5 million and 0.6 million C 4 million and 5 million ( D 5 million and 6 million 12. 394 – 125 ÷ 25 = A 179 C 369 B 269 D 389 ( 13. (47 × 13) – (637 ÷ 13) = A 26 C 562 ( B 47 D 611 14. Table 1 shows the number of residents in three cities.
In general, a brain affected by Dementia produces less of some neurotransmitter. which sets off an imbalance in the brain. For Example, In Alzheimer's, Too little Dopamine effects the acetylcholine levels in the body and starts to block receptors , disabling the brain to reach the right signal to the intended brain cell. Amino Acids, Monoamines, Trace amines, Peptides and Gasotransmitters are some of the endogenous chemicals who’s function it is to allow the transmission of signals from one neuron to the next neuron across the synaptic Cleft. Only 100 chemical messengers have been found to date.
However, brain tumors (even malignant ones) are not invariably fatal, especially lipomas which are inherently benign. Brain tumors or intracranial neoplasms can be cancerous (malignant) or non-cancerous (benign); however, the definitions of malignant or benign neoplasms differs from those commonly used in other types of cancerous or non-cancerous neoplasms in the body. Its threat level depends on the combination of factors like the type of tumor, its location, its size and its state of development. Because the brain is well protected by the skull, the early detection of a brain tumor only occurs when diagnostic tools are directed
Each of these lobes has different functions from each other. On the other hand, the neurotransmitters are the information carriers, they carry electrochemical signals to and from the brain throughout the entire body in human beings. Then, we have the nervous system which can actually be divided into two parts, the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS) where the brain and spinal cord are parts of the CNS. The PNS can still be divided into two specific parts, the somatic nervous system (SNS) and the autonomic nervous system (ANS). While the SNS directs the movements of the skeletal muscles, the ANS regulates involuntary processes such as the heart beating, breathing, blood pressure, and blood sugar level.
MELATONIN, IMMUNITY AND STEROIDS ABSTRACT Melatonin is the secretion of pineal gland and a broad range of physiological functions are modulated by this hormone. Available finding of research shows that it is an immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory hormone. In this review, melatonin and its interactions with immune system as well as steroids have been discussed. The immune system protects the body from microorganisms present all around the environment. The anti-inflammatory nature of melatonin connects it with the immune system.
It has widespread connections with the rest of the forebrain and the midbrain. Partly through nerves and partly through hypothalamic hormones, the hypothalamus conveys messages to the pituitary gland, altering its release of hormones (Kalat, 2003). According to “American Accreditation Health Commission,” The hypothalamus is responsible for certain metabolic processes and other activities of the autonomic nervous system. It synthesizes and secretes certain neurohormones, often called hypothalamic-releasing hormones, and these in turn stimulate or inhibit the secretion of pituitary hormones. The hypothalamus controls body temperature, hunger, thirst, fatigue, sleep, and circadian cycle.
The Nervous System Neuroscience is critical in understanding addiction because it’s how our different body parts communicate. Psychoactive drugs affect the brain as a result of the processes of the nervous system as it receives senses, is able to transmit because it's interconnected, and initiates responses. The Central Nervous System is comprised of the Brain and the Spinal Cord. The nervous system is in essence a biological information highway, is the controller of all the biological functions and movement in the body, and can also receive information and interpret it. This is done through electrical signals which are used in the nervous system.