Organic Chemistry Preparation of Methyl Orange Purpose In this experiment the azo dye methyl orange is prepared by the diazo coupling reation. Introduction The first step is called “diazotization”. The first product obtained from the coupling is the bright red acid for of methyl organge, called helianthin. In base, helianthin is converted to the orange sodium salt, called methyl organge (1). Reaction Scheme [pic] Although sulfanilic acid is insoluble in acid solutions, it is nevertheless necessary to carry out the diazotization reaction in an acid (HNO2) solution.
If the substrate (key) doesn’t fit it won’t work with the enzyme (lock). This is important because without enzyme the processes would be to slow and poisonous chemicals would build up. The factors that affects if an enzyme would work correctly or not is if there is a suitable pH level and temperature. An example of an enzyme is Catalase. It is the one that we used in our experiment.
To make the clay, 250 mL of distilled water was heated in a 600 mL beaker to 70° to be used as a hot water bath for the Erlenmeyer flask. 40 mL of distilled water was added to the flask along with .80 g of FeCl3, .40 g of FeSO4-, and .30 g of Bentonite. Using tongs, the flask was stirred in the hot water bath to disperse the iron compounds and the clay. The flask was then taken out of the hot water bath and 20 mL of NaOH was added drop-wise. After it was properly cooled, the solution was equally distributed to four centrifuge tubes and centrifuged for 5 minutes.
Purification process can be applied either in starting materials (reactants) or the final material (product) but to avoid though any initial imperfections, purification of the final material is more preferable [3]. Some of the most important techniques of purification are: distillation, sublimation, evaporation of volatile impurities, electrolysis, extraction, recrystallization and chromatography [3]. Knowing the purity of a product in organic synthesis is an important factor as it helps to prevent and reduce significant errors according to the physical properties and behaviour of chemical substances [4]. It is well known that a tiny amount of impurity can inhibit a chemical reaction and interfere with the main use of the substance a fact that must be avoided especially in human-hygiene related chemical synthesis, i.e. food, drugs [4].
Fill a 10 mL graduated cylinder with ≈ 7mL if water c. Fill a 1000 mL beaker with ≈ 750 mL of water d. Invert the graduated cylinder into the beaker. Add water to the beaker to completely submerge cylinder. e. Measure the difference between the height of the water in the graduated cylinder and the height of the water in the beaker. f. g. Record the barometric pressure in mmHg. Heat the water via Bunsen burner to 80°C.
9/17/14 Oxidation and Diastereoselective Reduction Borneal to Camphor to Isoborneol Objective: The purpose of the experiment was to see between which diastereomer borneol (endo) or isoborneol (exo) is comparatively more better for camphor with sp2 hybridized carbon makes a stereocenter. The experiment started out by oxidizing borneol to camphor and along with that then reducing camphor to the diastereomer of borneol with the reduction session performed. NMR spectrum was used to determine which diastereomer was preferred. Overall Reaction: Mechanism: Oxidation Procedure:  Reduction Procedure:  Stoichiometric Table:  Results: Oxidation: Melting point range = 173C-175C Reduction: Melting point range = 194C-196C Conclusion: 1. Add stir bar to 10 mL Round-bottom flask then add 0.360 g of borneol, 1 mL dry acetone and 0.30 mL glacial acetic acid.
For instance, certain azo dyes likely to form carcinogenic substances during dyeing process should be replaced by non-hazardous or less hazardous ones. These carcinogenic substances may also be regulated by the Factories and Industrial Undertakings (Carcinogenic Substances) Regulations. In case elimination or substitution is not possible, segregation of the chemicals or the process is an effective safety measure. Protective
APPARATUS: Burette (50 cmᶾ), Pipette (25 cmᶾ), two conical flasks (250 cmᶾ), two beakers (250 cmᶾ), funnel, wash bottle, retort stand, boss and clamp, evaporating dish, pipette filler, hot-plate. MATERIALS: Approximately 2.0 mol dmˉ³ hydrochloric acid, 1.0 mol dmˉ³ sodium hydroxide, methyl orange indicator. METHOD: 1. Firstly, the burette was rinsed with a little hydrochloric acid and filled up to just above the zero mark. 2.
Antiseptic One of the first antiseptics to go into wide use, phenol has been largely replaced by safer chemicals; but it continues to be used for this purpose. It inhibits microbe growth in the irritations to which it is applied. Topical Anesthetic Phenol numbs skin on contact, making it an effective topical anesthetic and analgesic. It is often included in sore throat sprays and preparations applied to soothe rashes and minor skin irritation. Chloraseptic throat spray and cough drops contain phenol as their active ingredient.
Components that are more strongly attracted to the sorbent layer will travel a shorter distance, while components that are more soluble in the mobile phase will travel a longer distance from the origin.To identify possible pigments that are found in Robertson Parsley dry leaves, Thin layer chromatography was perfomed using a solid silica gel plate and a mixture of acetone, chloroform and di ethyl ether in the ratio 1:1:3. The solution from parsley was spotted on the plate and the plate allowed to develop in a developing tank.On removal of the plate from the tank, the migration front is marked together with all colour visible spots before they dry up.The distance travelled by each spot is measured and used to calculate the Rf values which are the ratios of the distance travelled by the sample to the the distance travelled by the solvent. The