In this essay Freud sets out his theory of psychosexual development. He asserts that there is in all humans an innate drive or instinct for pleasure, a sort of psychic energy, which he calls the libido and this energy needs to be discharged. He then goes on to describe how this drive finds outlet at the earliest stages of life, as babies, toddlers and infants and describes the oral, anal and phallic stages and the psychological effects of fixation at these stages. It is important to note that Freud separated sexual aims and objectives. His work on sexuality and perversions led to the wider theory of sexuality whereby he differentiated the sexual aim (the desire for pleasure) and the object (the person or thing used to fulfil the desire).
Behaviorists are also called “learning theorists” because they believe that all behavior is learned, step by step. Learning theorists focus on conditioning which is when children learn to observe others. Psychoanalytic perspectives have to do with Sigmund Freud and Erik Erikson. Psychoanalytic theory are based on inner drives and motives that originated from Freud. Freud came up with five stages for children that are psychosexual, including the oral stage, anal stage, phallic stage, latency, and genital stage, and the genital stage which lasts throughout adulthood.
language and socialisation) Explain the course of development according to these descriptions That is, a theory must account for the transitions from one point in development to another and must identify causal variables affecting transition * Bowlby’s Theory of Attachment. # * Reading Chp 6 Boyd & Bee, (2009) PLAN Initial outline of essay Bowlby’s attachment theory was initially developed and then revdeveoped in ollboration with Mary Ainsworth (1969) using their Ganda study The contribution of attachment theory to the social and emotional development of children is critical in assessing the healthy and secure attachment of children to their mother, first and foremost, then, as the child develops through 54 weeks and 2-3 years old – that they begin to relate positively to key carers that play an integral and familiar role in their life. These relationships play a role and can, if the child has had an unstable home and parental environment during their early development, affect detrimentally their ability to form new bonds as adolecscents and possibly adults. However, a child raised in a stable and emotionally secure environment, will develop secure and
Piaget’s Equilibration Theory and the Young Gifted Child: A Balancing Act. This article discusses theories developed by Jean Piaget and how his theories can help create models for teaching young gifted children. “Although Piagetian theory focuses on universal child development, it can still illuminate important characteristics of intellectually gifted children whose abilities mark them as different” (Cohen, LeoNora, & Younghee, 1999, p. 201). These theories and notions can become building blocks for the developmental understanding of giftedness. Piaget’s developmental theory consisted of four stages, Sensorimotor stage (birth to age 2), preoperational stages (ages 2 to 7), concrete operational stages (ages 7 to 11), and formal operation stage (age 11 to adulthood).
(Aengel; 2010) In this essay, I want to do an overview of the different human developments and how by having an understanding of the effects each stages may have on an individual in adulthood, along with the use of the other psychodynamic approaches for example: transference, counter-transference, defence mechanisms and Malan’s triangle, will help the counsellor work more effectively with the client. The theories that form the basis of psychodynamic counselling are as follows: * Freud – Psychosexual Stages of Development * Erikson – 8 Stages of Psychosocial Development * Klein – Early Objects Relation Theory * Winnocott – Object Relations Theory * Bowlby – Attachment Theory Human Development Sigmund Freud believed that a child passes through five stages of development, which are known as the psychosexual stages. These stages are: * Oral Stage * Anal Stage * Phallic Stage * Latency Period * Genital stage The stages are all based on different erogenous zones of the body. Freud believed that the child needs to pass through each stage successfully in order to move onto the next stage, if this does not happen then Freud believed that the child would “be stuck” or fixated in that stage of development and the child’s personality
Bowlby's aim was to discover the consequences of difficulties in forming attachments in childhood, and the effects this would have on an infant's later development. Drawing on much work in the psychoanalytic literature, such as that of Freud and Harlow, Bowlby formulated the idea that infants develop a close emotional bond with an attachment figure early in life, and that the success or failure of this earliest of relationships lead the infant to form a mental representation that would have profound effects on their later relationships and their own success as a
“Evaluate the extent to which Freud’s theory of psychosexual development can help us to understand a client’s presenting issue?” I commence my essay by describing Freud’s psychosexual theory. I will then continue to demonstrate my understanding of its relationship to adult neurotic behaviour and what it means to me. I will end my essay by discussing the ethical implications this may have in today’s world. Freud early theories place a strong emphasis on the role of sexual energy and drive in the development and structure of the personality, in particular, the first five years of a child’s life. Freud divided the infant’s development into stages relating to the relative importance of zonal regions of the body, which ere relevant to the infant at a particular point in time.
Evaluate the extent to which Freud’s theory of psychosexual development can help us to understand a client’s presenting issue In this essay we will look at Freud’s theory of psychosexual development in some detail, including an evaluation of the theory’s origin, criticism and strengths. We will be looking at its application, both through history and in current practice, leading to a more thorough discussion centred around its relavance when trying to understand clients’ presenting issues. The main themes of Freud’s work were centred on the significance of the first few years of a child’s life, in the subsequent development of personality. Freud believed that children experience emotional conflicts, and their future adjustment depends on how well these conflicts are resolved. Another theme with Freud’s work concerned the unconscious mind, the part of our mind we are not aware of.
The psychodynamic approach evolved from psychoanalysis, founded by Sigmund Freud, who considered that people’s behaviours are influenced by their motives or dynamics. Psychodynamics has three distinctive features or assumptions. That the difficulty a client is having has an origin in their childhood. Secondly, the client is not consciously aware of these affecting their motives and impulses, and lastly that it uses the interpretation of the transference relationship between client and councillor (McLeod, p.91). This essay will now consider these features in more depth.
It is the product of an unconscious mind being driven by its most basic desires and emotions in coaction with our traits determined by our early childhood experiences. The other main assumption of the Psychodynamic approach is that our personality is made up of three conflicting elements – The Id, the Ego, and the Superego. These three elements make up the “structure of personality”, as Freud explained it. He states that the Id exists in the unconscious mind and is concerned with instant gratification as it is controlled be instinctual forces. This element is innate – it is present from birth.