Namely Cromwell and Cranmer played important roles, and overall I agree with the view that the decisive influence in shaping the reformation was Thomas Cromwell due to his closeness to the king and willingness to entirely devote his time and resources into the reformation. The feeling in Source 7 is that Cromwell played an important role in swaying the mind of the king against the clergy, and into reformation. In his ‘supplication against the ordinaries’ Cromwell attacks the clergy saying they make laws without Henry, some of which “clash with the laws off your kingdom”. Here Cromwell might be referring to the law of preamunire, which forbade the following of a foreign law over that of the kings. His influence over the king on this matter could then be shown to have an effect where in the early 1530’s Henry went on to charge all the Clergy with preamunire, and threatened a few with death.
Henry VIII, having earned the title “Defender of Faith” for a pinning response to Luther’s attacks on the sacraments, had no interest in religious reform, whereas Martin Luther did. Henry’s motive was that of a personal matter only wanting his way concerning his divorce, while Martin Luther used his personal motive of reforming the church and making it widespread with his beliefs. One of Martin Luther’s
By 1531 the Schmalkaldic League was set up as a united defence alliance by protestant princes in response to Charles’s threat of eradicating Lutheranism. Despite the failure of the league itself in 1547, it is considered a success in the way that Lutheranism was now exclusively established and was growing ever more powerful, and could not be eradicated by a brute force. By the end of the Reformation in 1555 Lutheranism was finally recognised as a valid religion by Charles due to the previous treaty the Peace of Augsburg which was primarily a princely movement. The princes were significant in creating an atmosphere in which Lutheranism was successful in that they were able to respond well to Luther’s theological ideas. The German Princes established a national figurehead who they could look to for ideology and bravery to drive the Reformation.
Hence the reason that a part to the petition was that ministers should not to wear gowns. Elizabeth quite liked that aspect to the church but when the puritans knew there was to be a new king, they knew there was a chance they could change the church to be adapted back to the protestant ways. James was known to be interested in church matters and they hoped he would give their petition a serious consideration. Hence the reason that a part to the petition was that ministers should not to wear gowns. This brings me on to a long term issue of the Puritans which lead them to the presenting of the petition.
It can be interpreted that because this is a letter from Layton to Cromwell, the messaged could very well have contained the absolute and confidential truth; by this I mean any underlying truths that were kept from the public eye could have been mentioned in this letter because it was between Cromwell and his Commissioner. In my opinion, this would make the source more reliable because nothing really is left unsaid. However, because of there being confidentiality, in Source 1, Layton dictates that ‘There can be no better way to beat the King’s authority into the heads of the common people in the North, that to show them that...’ and follows to talk about genuine concern. Not only does this suggest surrounding reasons for the visitations, it also completely undermines the reason suggested by the question. The
Luther and Henry VIII’s motives for reform sprung from entirely different sources. Luther disagreed with the Catholic church over the doctrine that allowed the selling of indulgences to lay people. After study of the Scriptures, Luther decided that salvation was achieved not by indulgences or even good works, but only by faith alone. Henry VIII’s reasons for his break with the church came from his desire to divorce his wife at the time, Catherine, and marry Anne Boleyn. He asked Pope Clement VII to announce that the king’s previous marriage to Catherine of Aragon was invalid.
FRQ: Compare and contrast Lutheran and catholic reformations The catholic and Lutheran reformations were revolutionary events in history in which the Christian religion divided into the different sects that exist today, Catholicism and Protestantism. The Lutheran reformation is when Luther studied scriptures and came to the conclusion that the papacy was an invalid power and corrupt. The catholic reformation was the Catholic Church’s attempt to resolve corruption and other serious issues within the Catholic Church. This was also done to reform the catholic church so it is more appealing and hence, less conversions to protestant branches of Christianity such and Lutheranism. These two events were similar and different in two aspects: they were different because while the Lutheran reformation had many doctrinal changes, the catholic reforms made no revisions whatsoever to the beliefs of the catholic church; and they were similar because they both resolved many corrupt practices which was critical for both Protestantism and Catholicism because it added an appeal to the two sects of Christianity allowing either of them to gain popularity.
Due to the very young age of Edward when he became King, he was helped by a Regency Council led by Somerset who was the King’s uncle and who became Lord Protector. One problem that had to be faced was to decide whether England would remain essentially a Catholic country or become more Protestant. Somerset and some of the council members were in favour of moderate reforms while surprisingly due to his age Edward VI wanted to introduce more radical changes. However, there were politicians such as the Duke of Norfolk and the Bishop Gardiner who wanted no changes implemented at all. The influence of Somerset came to an end in 1550, having been overthrown due to the rebellions in the West and in Norfolk which had led to unemployment discontent amongst the people and high prices for food stuffs.
Starting with the much-revered English Constitution, Paine presents it as outdated and convoluted. Paine’s largest grievance, however, is with the entire concept of an absolute monarchy, claiming it to be against both nature and scripture. In quoting the scriptures, Paine is able to justify pursuing American Independence and the struggle for a Republic by presenting monarchical rule as ungodly. The exaltation and ‘worship’ of one man above others is, in Paine’s opinion, an ‘idolatrous custom of the Heathens’ and in contradiction to the Bible. Paine also states that hereditary succession inevitably opens the door to the foolish and the wicked and so must be oppressive in its
The idea shown in source 7 of Henry not being able to fully separate himself from his catholic beliefs is further back up by the evidence found in source 8. Although we have to be aware of the fact that source 8 was written by Bishop Tunstall to Reginald Pole in 1536, which means that it may be slightly biased towards Catholicism. The source states that Henry wishes to remain a part of the “unity of Christ’s Catholic Church”. Which tells us that Protestantism is not making enough progress in England as to convince the King, yet it is still making gains. Also in the source, Henry’s title of “Supreme Head” is mentioned.