Evaluate group displays of aggression (24 marks) Daly and Wilson claim that men have evolved several different strategies to deter their female partners from committing adultery (i.e infidelity). These range from vigilance to violence, but are all fuelled by male jealousy, an adaptation that evolved specifically to deal with the threat of parental uncertainty. Unlike women, men can never be certain that they are the fathers of their children. As a result men are always at a risk of cuckoldry, the reproductive cost that might be inflicted on a man as a result of his partner’s infidelity. The consequence of cuckoldry is that man might invest his resources that are not his own.
This means women now have the choice whether to have a family or have a career. This have resulted in women having their first child at a later age as they have chose to focus on their career. The age that women now have their first child has gone up from 24 to 27.3 since the beginning of the 20th century. Laws such as compulsory schooling and the child labour introduced in the 20th century has now introduced the idea that children are no longer an asset to their families but an economic liability. This means children are now expensive to have and people do not have the money to have as many children as they used too.
Analysis of the current literature (Buss & Haselton, 2005; Kennair, Nordeide, Andreassen, Stronen, & Pallesen, 2011; Maner & Shackelford, 2008; Scelza, 2014; Schutzwohl, 2012; 2014; Shackelford & Liddle, 2014) suggests that men are distressed more by sexual infidelity of females. This is because of a phenomenon called paternity uncertainty. This is where they feel threatened and worried that a woman will mother children to another man. Thus, if he is not the real father he has been cuckolded and has wrongly allocated his resources to that woman and invested his life in the wrong child. To be certain that offspring are his and to guard them for his lifespan is of paramount
Women Outlive Men “Men are better than women. Men should not do what women do because it will cause indignity.” Almost all of people are familiar with this quotation. There are many people who still believe that women are weaker than men, but it is the time for them to think about it again. People think that men are stronger than women because they can run faster, lift heavier weight, and do everything that women could not do. In fact, women outlive men by about five to six years.
DESCRIBE AND EVALUATE EVOLUTIONARY EXPLANATIONS OF PARENTAL INVESTMENT (25 MARKS) According to Trivers parental investment is defined as " any investment by a parent in an offspring that increases the chance that the offspring will survive at the expense of that parents ability to invest in any other offspring (alive or test to be born) " At the heart of Trivers theory is the fact that is most species males and females do not invest equally. Females initial investments tend to be far greater as females have less gametes than males. A female can have only a limited number of offspring whereas a male can have virtually an unlimited number. According to Daly and Wilson the difference between males and female parental investment is that males can opt out in a way that females can not. By spending a relatively large part of their reproductive effort on courtship and mating , males of most species can afford to devote rather little to parental investment.
Breast milk has more infection fighting properties than formula. Breastfeeding is difficult in that the mother always has to be available for feeding the baby. The fact that it is more easily digested, means that breastfed babies have to be fed more often than formula fed babies. This places much more strain on the mother. Anyone can feed a baby being fed formula.
Jealousy between Men and Women In Buunk’s article on jealousy he compares the difference in what causes jealousy in men and women. He hypothesizes that men are more jealous when his partner may have a sexual relationship with another partner, while a women would be more jealous when her partner has an emotional relationship with another partner. Both situations would create jealousy; his study is to see which gender it would affect more. In addition to jealousy between men and women, he also compares it across different cultures. He uses the United States, Germany, and the Netherlands.
However, there was a considerable increase in the rate of multiple births when 3 embryos were transferred. Among all the women in the study, the chances of live births were related to the number of eggs that got fertilized, more or less because of a bigger selection of embryos used for transfer. Transferring more embryos for in vitro
The integrated mea- sure resulted in a 45-item scale. It was hypothesized that, overall, followers would re- port that male leaders would use hard influence tactics more frequently than female leaders. On the other hand, followers would report that female leaders would use soft influence tactics more frequently than male leaders. When differentiating followers by sex, however, we expected that male follou~ers would report more than female follow- ers that their leaders use hard tactics more frequently. Also, we expected that female followers would report (more than male followers) that
Being responsible for a living organism that is growing inside of you is something that is very difficult for men to relate to due to the fact that they will never have the opportunity to experience it. A strong sense of responsibility is created; a heightened sense of ownership results from the fetus being physically contained within the womb of a female. Its movements are often responses to the movements or touches of the mother, solidifying the maternal bond, and helping solidify that heightened sense of responsibility. Men and women are