Khang Bui Test 1 Essay Hemostasis has three mechanisms to help prevent blood loss, which is vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, and blood clotting (coagulation). Vascular Spasm is the most immediate protection against blood loss. Injury to the vessel causes smooth muscle to contract (vasoconstriction) to reduce the amount of blood flow through the area and reduce the amount of blood loss. Thus, the vascular spasm helps maintain hemostasis long enough for the other to come into play Platelet plug formation has three stages; Adhesion, Release Reaction and Aggregation. Adhesion of platelets is stimulated by the damage tissue; Platelets do not adhere to the endothelium that lines healthy blood vessels and the heart.
We just need to understand it and know the physical symptoms and the defense mechanism to use against it if things went bad. Geoff Thompson, the writer of “A Book for the Seriously Stressed: How to Stop Stress from Killing You” has given a great explanation of what exactly happens to us when we are under stress (Thompson, 2001). It helps me a lot in understanding what is going on with my body under stressful situations. Also, Thompson gives a lot of examples of real life scenarios of what stress can do to us and our life. He also gives lots of advice on how to handle stressful situations and how to release that negative energy in a healthy way that will not affect our life in a negative way.
Outline and evaluate research into the relationship between the immune system and stress-relates illnesses (12 marks) The immune system is made up of a network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to protect the body. White blood cells, also called leukocytes, are part of this defence system. There are two basic types of these germ-fighting cells; phagocytes, which chew up invading germs and lymphocytes, which allow the body to remember and recognize previous invaders. Long term suppression of the immune system leaves the body vulnerable to disease and infection. For this reason it is said that stress weakens the immune system.
Outline & Evaluate research studies into the effects of stress on the immune system (12 marks) In 1984 Kiecolt-Glaser did a research into pupils doing exams study. The aim of the research was to see whether examination stress had an effect on the functioning of the pupil’s immune system. To figure this out Kiecolt used 75 medical students. Because she only used medical students it lacks population validity because you can’t generalize sample to other people. This is because the students she used may have a different immune system to other people.
Infections are caused by an invasion of unwanted organisms that attack ones body. With that being said, pneumonia is an acute infection of the lung parenchyma (Anatomical Chart Company, 2010, p. 100). Pneumonia, like any other infection, has a pathophysiology that describes how the infection affects the body. It also has different causes, several signs and symptoms, a variety of different treatments, and even a long list of possible complications. Pneumonia is always handled with delicate attention, but for individuals who have normal, healthy lungs and a strong immune system the final outcome is almost always a good one.
Basophils are not well understood, but they function in allergic reactions. They release histamine; which causes blood vessels to leak and attracts white blood cells and heparin; which prevents clotting in the infected area so that the white blood cells can reach the bacteria. Monocytes
The innate immune system is protection we are all inherently born with. It is always present and on patrol. If any general class of pathogen is able to break through the physical barriers, the innate system can detect this and begin to fight off the threat of infection immediately. It cannot distinguish specific pathogens but is able to recognize many general classes of bacteria, fungi, and parasites. It is not as effective with viruses.
Homeostasis is for the procedure of the body to uphold a relatively consistent internal state. The nervous system sends and also receives these signals about temperature, blood pressure, hydration and more factors. The endocrine system tends to carry chemical messengers to adjust all the bodily functions. During different forms of exercise, the body’s internal environment is then changed and placed under a considerable amount of stress. Throughout homeostatic feedback mechanisms, the body is allowed to maintain a very healthy internal environment and then rapidly return to normal after all of the exercise ends.
Stress can be defined as a physical or psychological response to a threatening event. The immune system is a system of cells within the body that is to protect and fight the body from infectious agents such as viruses and other toxins. White blood cells identify and kill foreign bodies. One of the most important types if white blood cell is the lymphocyte, these develop as B cells or T cells. The immune system can fail us in two ways-either by becoming under-vigilant, letting infections enters the body, or over-vigilant, so that it is the immune system itself, rather than an infectious agent that causes illness.
This is likely to be due to the effects of cytokines and growth factors delivered by T cells to the site of injury. Such protective immunity was appears to be a general phenomenon, that is homeostatic. (P.A. McCombe, 2009)1 According to population studies of the United States, a little over 5,600 people in the U.S. are diagnosed with ALS every year. Almost as many as 30,000 American have the disease at any given time.