In other crime types once the intent is created it is followed by the execution of the act. The intent and act is not misinterpreted. In contrast, due to the element of disguise in white-collar crime the intent is blurred and frequently can only be obtained by interpretation. (Stephen Rosoff, 2010) White-collar criminals can only be successful if the victim is ignorant and negligent. Key differences between white-collar crime and other types of crime is that white-collar crime generally requires the victim to comply in being victimized in contrast to murder, robbery, assault or rape.
There are also disadvantages with this program. Because the program was reconstructed in 1992 using different methods, data is not able to be compared accurately (ICPSR). Another disadvantage is it only measures crimes that are considered personal or property related, it does not measure business, or commercial crimes and it does not report crimes on individuals under 12 years old. Personal crimes include crimes such as rape and sexual assault, robbery, aggravated and simple assault, while property crimes consist of such crimes as burglary, theft, motor vehicle theft, and vandalism. Classification also presents difficulties.
Outlining the Criminal Justice System In order to understand the criminal justice system of the United States it is imperative to first understand what crime is. Simply put a crime is the violation of a rule or law put in place by a governing body (Schmalleger, 2009). This is a broad definition that allows for variation in what is considered a crime all across the United States. Despite the varying types of crimes the elements of the criminal justice system are constant. The criminal justice system is composed of three parts: law enforcement, courts of law, and corrections (Schmalleger, 2009).
Both models start with a person who commits a crime and needs to have some form of punishment put upon them. The next similarity is that the person would have committed a crime that was illegal according to the law, and that it was illegal at the time of the crime, not after. Lastly, these two models are similar because the defendant has the right to choose how they would like their case handled, according to their legal rights. A defendant can choose to use the Due Process Model if they would like to go to trial and use a jury to decide on their charges, or to use the Crime Control Model and get a plea bargain, to get their punishment over with, rather than drawing it
Other laws protect journalists from revealing confidential sources, but not other information. While some state legislatures have adopted protections into state law, others such as New Hampshire and West Virginia rely on state court precedents. This inconsistency is the foremost reason why journalists desire a federal shield law. Judith Miller, a former investigative reporter for The New York Times, feels as though a federal shield law is needed because “individual journalists and individual news organizations shouldn't have to be in the situation of deciding like this, on a case-by-case basis, whether or not we're going to go to jail or violate our commitment”(Miller). Miller went to jail for 85 days after refusing to reveal her source in the Valerie Plame investigation, and as a result many can see that she is not basing her notions on hypothetical situations but through proof of testament.
Plea bargaining is an essential part of the United States criminal justice system and is practiced extensively in the federal, state, and local municipal criminal systems. Plea bargaining occurs when the District Attorney agrees with the defendant or the defendant’s attorney to lower the charge to or to agree to put the defendant on a special rehabilitative program which usually does not carry an imprisonment as part of the sentence and might or might carry a conviction. The advantages of this practice allows the system to heavily reduce the criminal dockets, and for the prosecuting attorneys to concentrate on prosecuting serious crimes in which a plea bargain is no palatable. A trial costs time, resources, and taxpayer money. Bargaining reduces this burden.
Sentencing The objectives of punishment within the United States corrections system are detailed and precise. State and federal objectives of punishment are very similar. Sentencing impacts the corrections system, both state and federal, in a positive aspect. When a crime has been committed and the person is officially found guilty, sentencing occurs in the criminal justice system. Many things are considered throughout a trial in order to determine whether the defendant is guilty.
The findings cannot be generalised globally to other cultures and races as the study only involved American, black and white inmates. Harer and Steffenmeier’s study also used secondary data which poses no ethical issues but may be unreliable and outdated. Further limitations of this model were put forward by McCorkle et al who claim that The Importation Model fails to highlight suggestions on how to control violent offenders, or how to reduce prison cruelty. Moreover, this model predicts that previous gang members also increase levels of institutional violence. However, DeLisi et al studied over 800 male inmates and found no correlation between gang membership and institutional violence.
It is now a part of America’s day to day lifestyle. But it wasn’t always this way, for most of history divorce was a rare and unsightly occurrence. It was widely frowned upon by most people and basically wasn’t done. Up until the 1960’s divorce was heard of but far from being common, through the 1980’s divorce rates steadily climbed higher and higher until divorce was a common occurrence. People used to look down on people who did
As a result, notwithstanding the many reforms and legal protections created on behalf of crime victims during the last 30 years, victims frequently still feel alienated by and unsatisfied with their experience of our justice system. From a victim’s point of view, restorative justice offers a number of important improvements over the traditional criminal justice