The second cluster is dramatic behavior which consists of antisocial, borderline, histrionic and narcissistic personality disorders. The last cluster is a high degree of anxiety and includes the avoidant, dependant, and obsessive compulsive personality disorders. 3. Which Axis I disorders do each of the Personality Disorders resemble? Some of the personality disorders may have similar relationship to a particular Axis I conditions schizotypal personality disorder with schizophrenia; avoidant personality disorder with social phobia.
Outline and Evaluate issues surrounding the classification and diagnosis of Schizophrenia The DSM-IV and the ICD-10 are based on a series of categories. They assume that all mental disorders are distinct from each other, and if you fulfill the relevant criteria you have the disorder. However, some patients show comorbidity, which is where an individual suffers from two or more mental disorders at the same time. This creates problems of reliability and validity in the classification and diagnosis of Schizophrenia. For a classification system to be useful it needs to be reliable.
Personality disorders are a class of mental disorders characterised by enduring maladaptive patterns of behavior, cognition and inner experience, exhibited across many contexts and deviating markedly from those accepted by the individual's culture. These patterns develop early, are inflexible and are associated with significant distress or disability. [1] The definitions may vary some according to other sources. [2][3] Official criteria for diagnosing personality disorders are listed in the diagnostic manual of
amusement or indifference) whereas irrational beliefs will lead to unhealthy emotions (e.g. fear or panic). Ellis claimed that irrational beliefs can lead to negative and inappropriate emotions. In 1967 Beck indentified the cognitive triad which consisted of three main cognitive biases that lead to disorders such as depression; a negative view of the world, a negative view of themselves and a negative view of the future. These biases interrelate and tend to perpetuate someone's depression.
Unfamiliar is not the same as abnormal, distinction between these two is vital to understanding psychopathology and those affected by mental illness. As abnormal psychology evolves and progresses in treatments, therapies, and research the central theme of the six core concepts continues to guide researcher. These six concepts define and provide understanding of abnormality. The concepts also illustrate the range between normal and abnormal behavior of individuals experiencing personality disorders. Another concept is studying cultural and historical relativism in defining and classifying abnormality in relation to environment.
Psychiatric Disorders, Disease, and Drugs Psychiatric Disorders, Disease, and Drugs Psychiatric or psychological disorders are disorders of sufficiently severe psychological function as to require treatment by a psychologist or psychiatrist (Pinel, 2009). Examples of psychiatric disorders include schizophrenia, emotional disorders such as depression or mania, anxiety disorders, and Tourette syndrome. Each of these disorders has developmental theories and drug treatments. Schizophrenia is a complex disorder defined as the splitting of psychic functions or the breakdown of integration between emotion, thought, and action. The complexity of schizophrenia symptoms often overlap with other disorders and often change during disorder advancement.
Sometimes they can believe that they are someone else and may believe others are trying to harm them. Unusual or dysfunctional ways of thinking are other symptoms that may be occurring. Some may execute poor “executive functioning”, trouble focusing, or problems with “working memory”. This can cause great emotional stress. It is thought that schizophrenia is caused by several different factors.
Mood disorders are thought to be caused by a chemical imbalance in the brain. Traumatic events can also cause a person to become depressed. Personality disorders – affects the individual's patterns of thinking, feelings and behaviour. People with a personality disorder may find that their beliefs and attitudes are different from the majority of people. Others may find the individual's behaviour unusual, or erratic and may find it difficult to be around them.
Many scientists believe that genes play a role in creating fearful memories. Also, studying certain brain area that deal with stress and fear researchers have a better understanding of curing the causes of PTSD. Symptoms of PTSD can be flashbacks, bad dreams, frightening thoughts, avoiding people, events, or object that are reminders of your experience, and feeling on edge. Schizophrenia is a chronic, severe and disabling brain disorder that has affected people throughout history (NIMH). People who have this disorder may hear voices that other may not hear, feel as though the world can read their mind, control their thoughts, and are out to
As a substitute, psychosis is a very debilitating symptom that is present in several different disorders, particularly schizophrenia. (Hansell and Damour 2005) define psychosis as “…a state of being profoundly out of touch with reality” (p. 393). Psychotic individuals may experiences delusions or hallucinations, which are the two most universally known symptoms of schizophrenia. As a result, schizophrenia and psychosis are carefully linked. Nevertheless, psychosis may be present in other disorders including severe mood disorders and personality disorders (Hansell & Damour,