The narcotic agonist act at specific opioid receptor sites in the CNS to produce analgesia, sedation, and a sense of well-being. They also are used as antitussives and as adjuncts to general anesthesia to produce rapid analgesia, sedation, and respiratory depression. Indications for narcotic agonists include relief of severe acute or chronic pain, preoperative medication, analgesia during anesthesia, and specific individual indications, depending on the receptor affinity (p. 409). Narcotic agonists are contraindicated in the following conditions: presence of known allergy to any narcotic agonist to avoid hypersensitivity reactions; diarrhea caused by toxic poisons because depression of GI activity could lead to increased absorption and toxicity; and after biliary surgery or surgical anastomoses because of the adverse effects associated with slowed GI activity
Support for this theory is the effect of amphetamines. These drugs work by increasing the levels of dopamine. When the drugs given to a non- schizophrenic the individual has been found to develop schizophrenic-like symptoms, this therefore suggests that the increased dopamine levels is likely to be linked to the disorder. Furthermore patients with schizophrenia have been found to have symptoms worsen when they have taken amphetamines. Grilly had found people with Parkinson’s disease (low levels of dopamine) who were taking the drug L-dopa to raise their levels of dopamine were developing schizophrenic type symptoms.
Antidepressants on the other hand by balancing neurotransmitters such as serotonin and epinephrine witch can cause depression if not sufficiently balanced. Anxiolytic drugs are used to combat anxiety disorders one drug in this field is benzodiazepines (Bzs) they work by releasing more (GABA) witch slows down the nerve transmission calming people down. This drug is effective in areas such as phobias. Another biological therapy is ECT, it is a surgical based treatment commonly used on manic depressives who haven’t responded to antidepressants. This treatment is administrated to a patient by putting a patient into an unconscious state then passing a current of 0.6 amps through the brain.
Next the doctor will prescribes drugs to stabilize there mood. Like Lithium that will helps prevent manic and depressive episodes. If a mood stabilizer drug is not helping the patient, or if you have psychotic symptoms like seeing, hearing or believing things that are not real, your doctor may add an antipsychotic medication. Mood stabilizers usually control mania and depression. However, if you have depression symptoms that don’t clear up after a few weeks, the doctor will prescribe a stronger and more effective drug Paxil.
A narcotic is an addictive drug that reduces pain, induces sleep and may alter mood or behaviour. In medicine, an analgesic narcotic means opioid, which refers to all natural, semi-synthetic and synthetic substances that act pharmacologically like morphine, the primary constituent of natural opium. The opioids are classified on the WADA (World Anti-Doping Agency) list of prohibited substances and methods as narcotics. In order to train for longer or even when injured, athletes may takes substances such as narcotics which help to numb any pain that they are experiencing. Examples of banned narcotics include morphine, heroin, the heroin substitute methadone and the pain killer codeine.
(Catherine Harrison, PhD, January 10, 2008) B. Drugs that remedy or lessen effects Antipsychotic and atypical antipsychotic drugs are used to treat this disorder such as: Risperidone and Clozapine among others. C. How these drugs help These medications cannot “cure” the illness, but they can take away many of the symptoms or make them milder. In some cases, they can shorten the course of an episode of the illness as well. These medications affect neurotransmitters that allow communication between nerve cells.
Common neuroleptic drugs such as Thorzine aim to block the activity of the neurotransmitter dopamine within 48 hours, which have proven to be effective. The brain is composed of many separate systems of communicating neurons that interact in complex ways. Neurons carry electrical impulses through their branches and communicate with other neurons by giving out chemicals into the tiny fluid spaces between sending and receiving neuron branches (referred as synapse). Dopamine neurotransmitters stick to the receiving neuron (receptors are shape to fit certain neurotransmitters). Neuroleptic drugs molecules are shaped so that they stick to the
Heroin and opiates release endorphins in the body, called dopamine, causing users to need an opiate continuously. The human brain has an opiate receptor in the brain. Methadone occupies this receptor and is the stabilizing factor that permits addicts on methadone to change their behavior and to discontinue opiate use. Because methadone is effective in eliminating withdraw symptoms, it is used to detoxify opiate addicts. When an
Development of buprenorphine as an analgesic autoinjector and its quality control parameters 4.1 Introduction The benefit of a drug in any condition is fulfilled when it attains the therapeutic concentration in the body to reduce the symptoms or to cure diseases. To attain the therapeutic concentration, the administered drug has to be better absorbed and distributed in the body. The immediate effect produced by the drug depends upon its faster absorption and distribution. The drug delivery system also plays a role in the period of effect production (Rao et al, 2012). There are a number of drug delivery routes like oral, parenteral, inhalation, transdermal, sublingual, vaginal, ocular and rectal.
Common side effects from antipsychotics may include: •Sleepiness (sedation) •Dizziness •Weight gain •Increased chance of diabetes and high cholesterol •Feelings of restlessness or "jitters" •Slowed movements •Tremor Long-term use of antipsychotic medications may increase your risk for a movement disorder called tardive dyskinesia. This condition causes repeated movements that you cannot control, especially around the mouth. Call your doctor right away if you think you may have this