Ethics of Plagiarism Across Cultures 1 Ethics as a philosophical subject which proposes the study of moral actions, proposes that human beings are endowed with consciousness and it is this awareness along with their values and past experiences (in the form of learning), which give the possibility of knowing oneself and the world around them, and can safely judge their actions by distinctions between good and evil. When ensuring that by its rational nature, human beings act ethically or not, align with what the society dictates, it is worthwhile to also introduce the variable "motivation" in this equation. In this way, the human being aware of his actions, will incur in actions with full knowledge of whether that doing evil or good, depending on intrinsic or extrinsic motivations. According to Bagley and Savage (2010), there are two main schools that explain these events, the Teleological and Deontological schools. Teleological school is based on the consequences, i.e.
This scheme is called the implicit personality theory. It consists of a set of expected relations between personality traits of others, which are built up through direct experience that one has with those personality traits. Moreover, this direct experience can be both positive and negative. It is expected that positive experience with one personality trait will result in positive anticipations of other personality traits. However, it is expected that negative experience with one personality trait will result in negative anticipations of other personality traits.
Behaviourism and Humanism Learning Perspectives The two perspectives of adolescent learning this essay will discuss are behaviourism and humanism. Both of these perspectives search for the reasons humans do things however the contrasts between the two are rather extreme. The behaviourist school of thought considers observed physical behaviour and believes behaviour can be predicted and controlled (O’Donnell et al, 2012, p. 230). Skinner and Watson are the most well known developers of this theory, and in the early stages of behaviourism animal behaviour was studied. Humanism came about as a response to behaviourism; with humanists looking at the whole person and their experience, believing that learning is a part of natural human growth.
Differential association According to Askers social learning theory, the important point of social learning is differential association. This refers to how often a person interacts with others who either encourage or discourage violating the law. In the process of differential, social learning comes first. A person will interact and identify with the people and groups that will provide models for social reinforcement and behaviour. Definitions Definitions reflect the meanings that a person attaches to a person’s behaviour.
Describe and evaluate the behaviourist approach (10 marks) The behaviourist approach is based on the concept of explaining behaviour through observation, and the belief that our environment is what causes us to behave differently or suffer. Behaviourism is broken down into two sections, Classical conditioning where people or animals learn to associate two stimuli when they occur together. Secondly operant conditioning, people learn to perform new behaviours through the consequences of the things they do. One strength of the approach is that it is scientific, objectivity, control over variables and precise measurement means that the studies carried out by behaviourists tend to be very reliable, and the behaviourists can be credited with introducing the scientific method into psychology for example, Pavlov’s work was used to create objective and therefore scientific approach to psychology. The approach aims to study behaviour that is observable and directly measurable.
Ultimately the theory suggests that we modify these meanings in our mind and then act based on the symbols of reality that we have created. The opportunity for misunderstanding comes from the clashing of these meanings. There are a number of different interpretations and themes incorporated into SI, which I will attempt to unpack below. The first theme of the SI theory is, ‘the importance of meaning for human behaviour.’ This theme implies that we modify our behaviour based on the meanings that others have for us. The first assumption of this theme is that people make choices.
Social learning theory The social learning theory is based on observational learning. It states that behaviour is learned by watching others behave and observing the consequences from of the behaviour from an observed person. This contrast with behavioural approach with operant conditioning, which states that behaviour, is learned directly through punishment or reward. Another assumption is that all behaviour is learned from experience suggesting that it is on the nurture of the nurture/nature debate. Social learning theory also assumes that all mental processes are important in how people learn behaviour for example when an individual is observing and seeing the consequences of a behaviour, the observer will not repeat this behaviour if its punished for as a reward.
Fromm starts off by suggesting that man's nature of being excessively obedient may bring an end to the world we're living in; From states “ human history began with an act of disobedience, and it is not unlikely that it will be terminated by an act of obedience” (Fromm, paragraph 2). Fromm suggestion isn’t a coincidence, in fact in “Obedience” by Ian Parker, Parker reveals that “people tend to do things because of where they are, not who they are […]” (Parker, 385). This quote leads us to the Asch experiment described in “Opinions and Social Pressure” by Asch. The Asch Experiment results are interesting and show that peer pressure can have a measurable influence on the answers given by an individual. So individuals become obedient because of the pressure they’re facing from the environment they’re in.
According to B.F Skinner learning and motivation to learn are caused by external forces. Through his studies he concluded that when a behavior is followed by a consequence it is more likely (or less if negative) to occur again. This theory has made me
Behaviourist also believed behaviour can be changed by conditioning. During the progression of behaviourism, two learning theories were established to explain how different stimulus affected behaviour. These theories are: Classical conditioning was one of the first behaviorist model. The basic premise is behavior tendencies are in response to immediate stimuli. The theory identified that behavior which a naturally occurring or reflexive can be induced by pairing a stimulus with a response.