One issue is inter-rater reliability, which is how much two psychiatrists agree on the diagnosis. Carson (19910 says that the DSM-III has fixed the problem with inter-rater reliability once and for all and we should therefore expect there to be more agreement on diagnosis’ of schizophrenia. In the DSM –IV however, if a patient suffered from bizarre delusions then the patient did not have to display any other schizophrenic characteristics to be diagnosed. This brought about the problem that there was little agreement on what a ‘bizarre’ delusion was. Mojtabi and Nicholson (1995) asked 50 senior psychiatrists in the U.S. to differentiate between bizarre and non-bizarre symptoms and found that the inter-rater reliability had a correlation of +0.4.
Candace Baird English 112 Candace Pomozzi 22 February 2013 Hidden Truths behind Zoloft Many adults, American or not, have experienced the sense of being depressed at least once or twice in his or her lifetime. Feeling depressed is a normal reaction to life’s obstacles, especially when things may have gone wrong; however, when the depression last for several weeks and is unbearable, that is when the depression turns into a serious medical condition and needs to be diagnosed by a doctor. The Zoloft commercial uses rhetoric appeals; appeal to logic, appeal to emotion, and a fallacy of presumption to persuade their audience into consuming the medication for those diagnosed with depression disorders. In the black and white animated cartoon commercial for the anti-depressant, Zoloft, a sad, upset, depressed ball is moving forward, as if it were dragging its’ feet, looking down at the ground. As the ball is moving forward sadly, the music in the commercial sets the mood along with the dark cloud hovering over the ball, wherever it may go.
Later on, lobotomies were proved to be dangerous, risky and to have too many negative consequences stopped being performed by the late 1960’s. (psychcentral.com) Lobotomies were used as treatment for several kinds of patients. Anyone who showed signs of mental illnesses or instability would be advised to have a lobotomy in order to control it. People who showed signs of depression, hyperactivity, anxiety, obsessive or compulsive disorders, schizophrenia,
A problem of the diagnosis of schizophrenia known as co-morbidity this is when the symptoms of schizophrenia overlap with many other disorders, such as, depression and bipolar disorder. This is a problem because the patient may be misdiagnosed and given the wrong type of treatment which will not cure the symptoms they have and may cause another type of illness. This can be solved by multiple diagnosis this will also improve the inter rater reliability. Reliability is the extent in to which two or more medical specialists have consistent results in their diagnosis. The validity externally is very difficult as there are cultural barriers, as psychiatrists from different cultures interpret symptoms differently resulting in people being diagnosed schizophrenia in one culture but not in another.
However, there are many pros and cons to each side of the argument. Physician-assisted suicide is unethical based on the Hippocratic Oath, but is ethical based on the patient’s views – which sometimes outweigh the morals of a physician. Physician-assisted suicide first became an issue when our society decided that it was neither moral nor ethical for a physician to help end a terminally ill patient’s life. According to Katie Pickert, Dr. Jack Kevorkian brought lots of attention to the topic during the “epic assisted suicide battle of the 1990s” (1). People who argue with Kevorkian for physician-assisted suicide feel that by helping a patient end his or her life peacefully is helpful to family and friends.
Depression is one of the most common medical illnesses in the United States. So common that it was given a nickname, “common cold.” Depression is more than just having the “blues’ being “down in the dumps” or experiencing temporary feelings of sadness we all have from time to time. It is in fact a serious condition that affects a person’s mind and body. Depression impacts all aspects of everyday life including eating, sleeping, working, relationships, and how a person thinks about him/herself. People who are clinically depressed cannot “will” themselves to feel better or just “snap out of it.” It takes a combination of prescribed medication, Natural remedies, and psychological help to fully treat Depression.
Psychotherapy is generally considered to be the most important component of treating patients with DID. Psychiatrists often try to help patients build relationships with others around them and try to help patients cope with experiences from the past. This treatment could take anywhere from months to years because the psychiatrist does not want to overwhelm the patient with extreme feelings of anxiety from remembering any horrific experiences from the past. Psychiatrists often try to integrate all the personalities and have them work together to overcome a fear or anxiety, but sometimes psychiatrists try to “kill” the personality so that the anxiety is gone
The APS recognized that VOC episodes have been poorly managed as often times these patients arrive at emergency rooms for treatment they receive little consideration for the complexity of their pain. They are classified as drug seekers and manipulators by the medical staff with whom they must entrust their care. This grave injustice within the healthcare system is detrimental to those with SCD, leading to more pain, stress and disabilities in relation to their condition. Search Strategy A literature review was carried out to examine the barriers to adequate pain management of VOC’s in patients with SCD. The databases searched were CINAHL, OVID and EBSCO, using the terms ‘sickle cell’, ‘pain’, ‘barriers’, ‘ethnicity’ and ‘disparities’.
It can be very difficult to tell whether negative symptoms are part of the schizophrenia, or whether they are present because you are reacting to other frightening or distressing symptoms. For example, a person with a mental health problem may be discriminated against or ignored which may cause them to feel isolated and depressed and so they withdraw. About one in every hundred people is diagnosed with schizophrenia during their lifetime and everyone diagnosed with schizophrenia will have a different experience of the
Issues of reliability and validity in the diagnosis of depression Depression is most commonly diagnosed using the DSM which consists of nine criteria. If a patient fits with at least 5 of the criteria they are diagnosed with having major depressive disorder. When diagnosing depression it is important to check validity and reliability as otherwise a false diagnosis may occur, or someone with depression would in fact be untreated. The reliability of the DSM however has been questioned. Zimmerman et al suggests that is an unnecessary lengthy scale, therefore giving an unreliable diagnosis.