Over the course this study we will break down the different effects and try to figure out why our nation has increased prison inmates fourfold. One of the main phrases that is commonly used for the association of reintegration back into the free world is recidivism. Recidivism is the behavior that occurs when an ex-prisoner breaks the law again. There are many other problems and effects that lead to this behavior, some of the issues that they may go through are finding employment, reintegration, psychological effects and the effects of being institutionalized. One of the problems the prisoners face coming out of prison is finding employment.
The Ministry of Justice states that members of the black communities are seven times more likely than white people to be stopped and searched , three and a half times more likely to be arrested, and five times more like to be sent to prison. However, such statistics do not tell us whether members of one ethnic group are more likely than members of another group to commit an offence in the first place – they simply tell us about involvement with the criminal justice system. For example, differences in stop and search or arrest rates may simply be due to policing strategies or to discrimination by individual officers, while differences in rates of imprisonment may be the result of courts handing down harsher sentences to minorities. In addition to statistics on the ethnicity of those individuals who are involved with the criminal justice system, we can call on two other important sources of statistics
The criminal justice process is much like a funnel with a large opening at the top, tapering down to a much narrower opening at the bottom (Meyer & Grant, 2003). The illustration of the funnel refers to the reduced number of crimes reported, detected, and punished by the system, rather than the actual number essentially committed (Meyer & Grant, 2003). There are several reasons this may happen; the crime is never reported, the case was dismissed, or the case may have bees refer to treatment or counseling. The funnel decreases are due to case attrition. You could say that in the funnel model there are more suspects and defendants then there are inmates.
One of the effects of criminal justice system is cases are often dismiss or pleas are bargained for which is due to lack of evidence against defendants, less-serious offenders are put on probation where they are incarcerated only upon violation of probation or committing another crime. During the criminal justice funnel process the offender may have to wait month or even years for a hearing during this time
Early in the criminal justice process, there are many cases, but the number of cases dwindles as decision makers remove cases from the process. Some cases are dismissed, some juveniles are rehabilitated, while others are referred for treatment or counseling. Another way of expressing the funnel effect is to say that there are many more suspects and defendants than inmates. As criminal justice notes, the U.S. Constitution requires
A status offense may include but is not limited to truancy, running away, and curfew violations. Officers also have the option to let the juvenile go with a warning, issue them a citation for a status offense, reach out to the juvenile’s parents, or make a decision to arrest them or not. “Nationally, about 75 percent of the cases referred to juvenile courts are delinquency cases which account for about 1.5 million each year. About 60 percent of these cases involve property crimes. A significant number of cases heard in juvenile court are status offenses (A Separate System for Juveniles).” Around seventy percent of juveniles that get arrested are referred to juvenile court.
(Sabol, West & Cooper, 2009). There are concerns about the cost of incarceration and whether is helps reduce crime and recidivism (Nagin, Cullen & Johnson, 2009' Pratt, 2009; Tonry & Petersilia, 1999; Visher & Travis, 2003). Prisoners face many barriers when they are released back into society and it is estimated that they will be rearrested within three years after their release (Langham & Levin, 2002). Smith 2 With this being said attention to identifying factors that affect prisoner reentry outcomes and understanding the theoretical and empirical research that explains persistence in and desistance from offending ( Hochstetler, DeLisi & Pratt, 2010;Huebner, DeJong, & Cobbina, 2010; Kubrin & Stewart, 2006; Maruna, 2001; Mears, Wang, Hay, & Bales, 2008; Piquero, Farrington & Blumstein, 2003) through research. Some research has focused on
Donna King (Smart Justice) described her experience in jail as “Each prison sentence I went through, my crimes got bigger. I started to learn new things about crime.” While the criminal is in prison they cannot commit crimes, however, when released a large number (44% of Victorian prisoners) reoffend, are caught, and jailed again. Society needs to accept that for the vast majority of criminals, there is no magic wand that can be waved to make them see the error of their ways and lead a crime-free life. They are unable - and do not want - to hold down a regular job; they see crime as a way of life, a source of
The theory claims that learning crime takes place through observing people (like peers, parents and so on), from there if the person if exposed to more pro-criminal attitudes than anti-criminal attitudes then they are more likely to offend. This was supported by Farrington who carried out a longitudinal study of 411 boys from deprived areas from ages 8 till 50years. After the study, they found out that criminality developed in a context of inappropriate role models and dysfunctional systems of reward and punishment. Although this study seems to show that criminality develops from the environment methodological issues have to be taken into account. A limitation using a longitudinal study is that participants might withdraw from the study which might be an under representative of how criminality is measured.
According to journalist, Tom Whitehead, longer prison sentences prevent criminals from committing further crimes. To support his claim, he recalls some figures. Those who were in jail for up to two years have a 42.9% likelihood of reoffending and going back behind bars within twelve months after release. In contrast, those who served up to four years showed only a 35.7% chance to violate law again. The same research compares the average of further offences of prisoners with longer and shorter sentence – and the number is lower for those, who spent more time in jail.