This is then acting as a negative reinforcement. Another cognitive factor of OCD are the intrusive and obsessive catastrophic thoughts the sufferers has. This means that the sufferer exaggerates the threat of their fear and the danger they are really in. Rachman (2004) shows this in his case study where his patient has catastrophic thoughts about the probability of harm coming from even a small plaster from someone else. Because of this fear of diseases, she thinks that she could get AIDS from a small speck of blood on others.
Cognitive-behavioural approach places more emphasis on techniques and strategies. There is a ‘collaborative relationship’ that takes place during therapy. The counsellor using this model has a more pragmatic way of treatment, attempting to replace irrational or dysfunctional thought patterns and actions with more realistic ones to change their emotions and behaviour. It could be argued that the counselling relationship in the cognitive –behavioural approach between the counsellor and the client is a more distant one, whereas in the psychodynamic approach the relationship is more intertwined. When looking at the psychodynamic approach it is vital to consider that the focus of therapy is on the unconscious.
The cognitive approach focuses on the importance of internal processes of the mind – such as thinking. They see our behaviour is a mixture of learning (conditioning) and thoughts. When we have psychological distress, it comes from errors in thinking, such as irrational thoughts or mustabatory thinking, e.g. “I must be the best at everything or I am useless”. The aim of RET is to restructure these irrational thoughts into positive and rational ones to make the person feel better about themselves.
Anxiety disorders are highly prevalent among the general population. They are associated with high morbidity, are chronic, and often resistant to treatment. The three forms of anxiety disorders most commonly treated by this facility are Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD), Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), and Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD). Treatment recommendations for all three of these disorders stress supportive therapeutic techniques with an emphasis on cognitive and behavioural aspects (Sadock & Sadock, 2007). For this reason, if chosen for this position, I would implement a form of cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT), such as Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT), when working with these clients.
Running head: CBT’S EFFECTIVENESS IN TREATING AN ABORIGINAL Effectiveness of Cognitive Behavioural Therapy in Treating an Aboriginal Australian Abstract Different cultural backgrounds of the therapist and client may impede a successful therapeutic outcome, due to divergent values and cultural beliefs. To overcome this complication in the therapeutic process, cultural factors must be merged with Western approaches. The purpose of this essay is to examine cognitive behavioural therapy in relation to treating Jody, an Aboriginal Australian who is suffering from panic attacks. The understanding of core values of culturally diverse clients enables psychologist to use a combination of various cognitive techniques and allows for these techniques to be modified suiting the individual client. Although research suggests that the individualistic orientation of psychology neglects systems of social support and cohesion important for Indigenous Australians.
* There is distress in aspects of life such as social and occupational functioning. * Phobia – Please list ALL diagnostic criteria for this disorder? * Phobia is characterized by persistent and unreasonable fear of an object, activity, and/or situation. * When encountering or even thinking about these specific objects, activities, or situations fear immediately presents itself and an immediate anxiety response is provoked. * People who are suffering from phobias can often realize that their fear is irrational but thinking about it causes extreme anxiety.
As their behaviour is thought to stem from distorted beliefs, they are prompted to find alternative patterns or ways of thinking to their maladaptive one. CBT generally tries to generate less distressing symptoms to arise, rather than completely eradicating the symptoms, as some, in particular negative symptoms, may well prove beneficial. The idea is the negative symptoms could arise as a way of preventing the sufferer from making positive symptoms worse or to ensure that they do receive help. In order to test whether CBT works, outcome studies following the treatments have been conducted, and in such one made by Drury et al. (1996), it was found that there had been a reduction in positive symptoms, as well as a 20-25% reduction in recovery time, whose CBT treatment had been combined with antipsychotics.
The individual lives with the thought that the scenario will deteriorate as time passes and that something awful may or will befall them. For Sally's situation, she first must confront the fear in order for her to get over it. It is essential to her to realize that phobias are regular. A Phobia is an anxiety disorder that may leave a person with a nonsensical fear of something that postures next to no or no risk to the single person. Phobias cause panic and fear, rapid heartbeat, shortness of breath, trembling and a yearning to stay away from a particular fear or phobia.
Comparison and Contrast of Behavioral and Cognitive Theories Key concepts/unique attributes Both B. F. Skinner and Albert Bandura believed behavior is the result of what is learned from experience (Corey, 2009). Whereas Skinner believed environmental influences control people, Bandura believed people are goal-oriented and have specific intentions and purposes. He believed the basis for learning is observing others. Traditional behavioral theory is based on the concepts of classical and operant conditioning and that learning produces behavior (Corey, 2009). Inappropriate or abnormal behavior results when learning is based on maladapted learning, or learning as a result of maladaptive reactions.
Anxiety can become a problem when it is at a high level and affecting the individual’s concentration and the ability to perform. This is when an anxiety disorder may be present as it is has a serious impact on daily life. There are six different types of anxiety disorders and people can have one or more anxiety disorders at any one time. One disorder is post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), which is when an individual has witnessed or personally experienced a traumatic event, which they experience continual fear and intense memories (Shapiro, 1989). An effective treatment of PTSD must require some form of exposure to the traumatic cues to overcome avoidance behaviour and allow for desensitisation (Spector & Huthwaite, 1993).