A rivers flow is the volume of water that moves past point on the river in a given time. Volume of flow is also called discharge. As more water flows through a river, its speed increases. A flooding river can carry huge amounts of sand, soil, and other many
However, if the rocks surrounding the river is permeable then the water will be able to percolate and it will travel slower, as groundwater-flow to the river, which will reduce the rivers discharge. Similarly to type of rock, the steepness of the mountain surrounding will also affect a rivers discharge because if the mountain is very steep the water will not have time to infiltrate down and consequently will travel as surface run off, decreasing lag time and increasing discharge. However, if the temperatures are high but not dry, then evapotranspiration will increase from plants and other vegetation, this therefore will reduce the discharge of a river as less water will be reaching the river. Likewise, an example of a human factor that can be changed to decrease discharge and stop flooding is the use of the land surrounding the river. If the
Behind the dam is a reservoir which can hold up to 22km³ of water, this act as a catchment are for flood water. In terms of its appropriateness it does have some positives to the strategy. This dam does protect villages and cities further downstream such as Wuhan and Nanjing because the reservoir acts as a catchment for flood water which can then be slowly released over a period of time through the dam. This means that in times of heavy rainfall large amounts of discharge which have a fast velocity cannot burst the river banks further downstream because the dam is reducing that velocity. This results in a lower velocity and less discharge of the river Yangtze which therefore leads to a reduction in flooding.
The R squared value of our results graph essentially equals 0, showing that there is no correlation between the two variables. This may be due to a variety of reasons: - Upstream, there is a narrower valley meaning higher wetted perimeter and more contact with the bed. This causes higher friction so velocity naturally gets reduced. - Load particle size and channel bed roughness is higher upstream, which might lead to increased friction and will slow down the water as it collides into rocks, pebbles and boulders more frequently. - The discharge upstream is also much lower due to the narrow
The high sinuosity, low levels of channelization, and moderate stability contributed to the health of the habitat. There was some bank erosion present, and the stream was very slow moving which are not ideal in a perfect habitat. 2.) The pH, DO, and CO2 levels appeared to be healthy at the lotic habitat we studied. It seems the DO and CO2 levels fluctuate with a change in pH.
It is this side-to-side load which causes the worst damage, often collapsing poor buildings on the first shake. The side-to-side load can be worse if the shocks come in waves, and some bigger buildings can vibrate like a huge tuning fork, each new sway bigger than the last, until failure. This series of waves is more likely to happen where the building is built on deep soft ground, like Mexico City. A taller or shorter building nearby may not oscillate much at the same frequency. Often more weight has been added to a building or structure at most frequently at greater heights; say another floor and another over that; walls built round open balconies and inside partitions to make more, smaller, rooms; rocks piled on roofs to stop them blowing away; storage inside.
This rock supports the waterfall until enough less resistant rock is carved away then this falls into the river below and might cause hydraulic action. The softer or less resistant rock is limestone which is easily carved away by water extremely fast. This means that the High Force waterfall retreats back a lot faster than other waterfalls. This map shows the rock types of Durham. The red colour shows basalt or whin sill.
Because of thicker waxy covering protecting leaf, it would be more difficult for water to escape the leaf, and leading to a decreased rate of transpiration in Species B. Another adaptation would be, Species A having a larger amount of root hairs than Species B, thus, with this increased number of root hairs, the transpiration rate would increase. With more root hairs, comes more absorption of water from the soil, increasing the amount of water carried to the leaves and eventually transpired through the leaves. Species A may have an increased amount of stomata on the leaves, providing more pores for transpiration to occur, thus increasing the rate of transpiration. c. Ψ = Ψp + Ψs Ψp, which is pressure potential and it, shows the tendency for water to move from an area from lower to higher pressure.
On the positive side the dam is a renewable energy source but environmentally speaking it has done more damage than good. The construction of the TGD has had a huge negative impact on the environment all along the river. The controlled water flow has caused a decrease in water quality and changed the niche of many wild life species. Fish can’t simply swim up and downstream freely anymore which can affect their diet and matting patterns. The water behind the reservoir has destabilized some of the steep hills on the edges of the water causing landslides that can be very dangerous.
Both runoff of fresh water from the land and rainfall may dilute water along the seashore. Alternatively, tide pools may become saltier than the sea because of evaporation during exposure at low tide. Both perturbations tend to increase in magnitude as height above the mean low tide line increases (Laboratory Manual for Principles of Biology, 1992). [pic] Figure 1. The marine intertidal zone.