The first article is done by two psychologists by the names of Jennifer D. Bass and James A. Mulick. These two psychologists came up with the idea to use siblings and peers as the therapists in social intervention. One observation is that autistic children are always being integrated into a classroom with typically developed children. Even though the main goal is to put these children into a room with normal developed children, the autistic child might end up being pushed into further social isolation. It has been found that children who developed normally tend to play with each other instead of playing with someone who is different them.
Outline and evaluate research into types of attachment The Strange Situation Ainsworth & Bell (1970) investigated individual differences in the attachment styles of 100 middle class American infants. They were interested in the frequency of children (how many) that showed each of a range of attachment behaviours. The attachment behaviours studied were comfort seeking, exploration using the mother as a safe base, separation distress, and stranger anxiety. The researchers used a controlled observation technique known as the strange situation. Procedure for the strange situation: 1.
This is also a happy moment, now you have the opportunity to see the revealing of what you have taught your child come to fruition. Depending on the strength of your marriage before your last child left determines the impact the empty nest syndrome will have on your marriage. Having to face your spouse alone without interruption, could be extremely challenging for some couples who have not formed a bond amongst themselves through the years. This can cause conflict, separation or divorce. And for the mothers who lived vicariously through their children, there may be an identity crisis.
Q. Describe and evaluate research into individual differences in attachment (12 marks) A. Mary Ainsworth devised an assessment technique called the ‘strange situation’ which investigated the differences in attachment between a caregiver and a child. 160 middle classed infants aged 12-18 months were put under conditions of mild stress in a controlled observation. The infants were put in a controlled play room with their mother and a stranger. Throughout the set up, the infants were judged on an intensity scale of 1-7 (1 being the lowest and 7 the highest) which described their behaviour.
Using a combination of behavioural measures, mainly proximity seeking and maintenance of proximity, Ainsworth classified infants as securely attached, anxious avoidant or anxious resistant. In the middle class US samples, 65% of infants were categorized as secure with the remainder equally distributed across the other two types. Ainsworth research led her to two conclusions, firstly there are different types of attachments and these types are differentiated in observed attachment behaviours. Secondly, the type of attachment between a mother and child is dependent upon the mother sensitivity and responsiveness to the child. Ainsworth said that an anxious avoidant child ignores their mother, seems indifferent, is easily comforted, they treat mother and stranger the same.
Outline and evaluate research into the effects of institutionalisation (12 marks) Olivia Gibson Hodges and Tizard conducted a natural experiment that was longitudinal. The aim of the study was to examine the effects of institutional upbringing on later attachments. They studied 65 children who were all 16 years old and were brought up in a care home for the first four years of their lives. During their stay in the children’s home they had little opportunity to form an attachment because the children's home had a policy forbidding the staff to form attachments with the children, and so the care given was functional and lacked warmth, also staff turnover rate was high; by the age of two the children had approximately 24 carers each. At the age of four 25 of them were returned to their biological families, 33 of them were adopted and 7 of them were kept in the institution and occasionally adopted.
Attachment Style and Relationships An individual’s attachment style will have a strong effect upon the type of love relationship he or she will have. Following the study results of Hazen and Shaver (1994), we can surmise that the relationship between an infant and their parents will likely define the type of relationships the child will be prone to in adulthood. It is also logical to assume that whatever relationship infants have with their parents will be unchanged even as they grow older. Since people are not born with an innate relationship style, it is something that is learned from their primary caregiver when they are as early as infancy. It is a continual educational process through childhood, as well.
The bond between a caregiver and their infant is crucial for the infant’s survival and psychological development. John Bowlby, an English Psychiatrist proposed his view on attachments, he studied emotionally disturbed children, most of these children had been separated from their families at an early age which led him to develop his theory on ‘maternal deprivation hypothesis’ in which he suggested that a child should experience a caring, warm and intimate relationship with their mother, and that children deprived of that relationship may suffer from emotion- maladjustment. Bowlby also believed that attachment is innate; he proposed that children are innately attached to the caregiver as it produces a long term benefit that helps the infant survive but also enabling them to reproduce. Bowlby also indicated that there is a crucial time in an infant’s life in where the attachment between caregiver is critical; this is called the sensitivity period, this is between 6- 24 months, (http://social.jrank.org/pages/168/Critical-Sensitive-Periods-Infant-Parent-Attachment-Critical-Sensitive-Period-Social-Development.html ) after this period if no attachment is formed it will be very hard for the child to gain an attachment after, it may take longer to form
I would enhance this experiment by specifically testing for cue salience to determine the role and affect it may have on prospective memory performance. In one of the studies that asked children to relay a message to a research assistant as soon as they entered the room, they were not able to find age-related effects on prospective memory in 7- to 11-year olds Although prospective memory performance was high, it may have been affected by the salient and socially relevant cues of the task. In what ways does manipulating factors relevant to cue event detection impact prospective memory performance in young children? How could such a test be
With this information, Bowlby realized that the current explanation from Freud that infants love their mother because of oral gratification was wrong. His new theory stated that infants are social from a very young age, 6 months to less than two years old. The infants become focused on a particular individual or a few individuals. Bowlby proposed that “patterns of relating acquired in the early parent-child relationship are internalized and form the basis for how an individual enters and subsequently maintains other close relationships” (Bretherton). Bowlby's aim was to discover the consequences of difficulties in forming attachments in childhood, and the effects this would have on an infant's later development.