Outline (AO1) Van Izjendoorn and Kroonenberg (1998) carried out a meta-analysis of this findings from 32 studies of attachment behaviour, adding to 2000 strange situations in 8 different countries. They found that variation of attachment types was Salk between countries and that secure attachment was the most common classification. Insecure avoidant was generally the next most common, apart from in Israel and Japan where insecure resistant was the most popular. They also found that variation within the cultures was 1.4 times greater than the variation between cultures. Therefore, the conclusions of their study was that most infants are similar to the USA, where secure attachment was the most common type.
Significant differences were found in Chinese, Immigrant Chinese, and American child-rearing practices. Typically, Chinese child-rearing is considered Authoritarian, while Immigrant Chinese seem to be more Authoritative, and Americans, a mix of Authoritative and Permissive. The extreme cultural and historical differences between China and America directly affect the way these societies teach and train their children, having benefits and detriments to both. Chinese families traditionally raise their children based on Confucius’ teachings, which emphasize the virtues of filial piety, parental control, obedience, strict discipline, respect for elders, and reverence for tradition. They also emphasize the obligations to family and the importance of education.
Outline and Evaluate Cultural Variations of Attachment Researchers have used the strange situation to investigate secure and insecure attachment in different cultures. A meta-analysis by Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg of 32 studies carried out in eight countries found some evidence of cultural differences (74% of Swedish infants were securely attached compared to just 50% of Chinese infants). Despite the observed differences between cultures, the researchers also found considerable consistency in patterns of secure and insecure attachment across the different cultures. Which suggests that it is likely that the same caregiver’s interactions have contributed to these patterns of secure and insecure attachment in different cultures. The problem with Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg’s study is that it was from a western perspective, so whats considered normal to a western culture isn’t the same as what an eastern culture would see as normal.
Outline and evaluate research findings into cross cultural studies of attachment If attachment is an innate behaviour we would expect attachment behaviours to be very similar across the world. Infant attachment styles in various cultures have been studied using the strange situation test. There are differences and similarities in attachment types between cultures. German infants showed a different pattern of attachment than the other groups. Only 40% of them were securely attached, 49% of them were anxious and avoidant, and the remaining 11% were anxious and resistant.
Culture that may affect development There are many reasons why different cultures development in children is not reached. Some cultures leave their home town and move to other countries due to been offered a brighter future or to escape persecution or war. To leave a home country and transaction to a new one can be stress full often due to the different language and set of customs can be stressful. They will be faced with a multitude of problems which can impact on the development of children : • Unemployment and underemployment • Poverty • Social exclusion, isolation • Racism, discrimination • Language and education challenges, such as waiting for English classes or the need to retain or recertify. • Challenges accessing services
Sally McGraw (2013) quoted that, “often, feeling envious of someone stems from perceiving them to have something you wish you had yourself, or feel they don’t deserve.” This, in a sense is the root of insecurity and jealousy. Viewing through the lens of behavioral psychology/behaviorism, we can understand the issue concerning identical twin rivalry involving insecurity and jealousy. A personal interview was conducted separately to a pair of identical twins. Kate and Kaye namely, since childhood were conditioned to dress up similarly and own similar belongings; because of that, one could not simply distinguish them apart. Their upbringing brought the emergence of their problem of individuality.
The population in MEDC’s is high but not growing. This is because they do not have a high birth rate, and their death rate has fallen below the birth rate. An example of this is shown in countries like the UK or USA. Both countries have a very low national increase (UK has a national increase of 4 per 1000). The UK has a total birth rate of 13 per 1000 and the USA has a total birth rate of 14 per 1000.
Lu Chin is arguing for the Asian model of bringing up children with arguments such as most Asian children receives a better result of their education than the Western children. Throughout this essay Lu Chin visualises her opinion on the matter of which model of upbringing is the best, Asian or Western. One statement Lu Chin uses is that Western parents will only make their children do their best therefore it is the children who are in control, where Asian parents demand only the best and failing or coming in second is not an option. Lu Chin lays out three differences between Asian parents and Western parents. The first difference is that Western parents worries a lot of their children’s wellbeing in the form of their self-esteem than Asian parents does.
He found that early and intensive daycare results in children being insecurely attached than children where the onset was later and less intensive. He recommended that young children, under the age of two, should not be placed in daycare for any time over 20 hours. Yet, his conclusions may not be valid as the strange situation may not be an effective tool for assessing as daycare itself results in prolonged separation that they can be accustomed to. Equally, Belsky can be criticised as he does not account for the quality of daycare in his studies. Andersson performed a study in Sweden which indicated that good quality daycare led to positive social and intellectual advantages.
In addition to that, the practical and academic intelligence which are able to develop independently or conflict with each other and the culture’s values might shape in child’s development direction. There is part from the first article, which I also disagree, “...everyone raised in a particular culture will share equally in that culture’s style of thinking...”, so that I do not think that the cognitive development of people are based on just the culture. The second article of the paper is about the cultural conditions on intelligence tests. According to researches in the article, nonverbal or visual intelligence tests are based on cultural conditions. There is an argument which explains the needs of adapting the intelligence tests to other cultures.