All else being equal, cash received sooner is better. • The timing of cash flows a firm can generate is very important in determing the value of a firm. All else being equal, cash received later is better. • The timing of cash flows a firm can generate is irrelevant in determing the value of a firm. FCF= sales revenues-operating costs-Operation
Information can be shared quickly and easily. Saves time and travel costs.Less bulky than paper records to store. The use of passwords limit access. | Lack of computer skills may restrict communication via computer. Record could be accidently deleted Security could be comprorised | Backing up work in case it is lost | The use of passwords limits access and maintain confidentiality.
Trace decay theory states that forgetting occurs as a result of the automatic decay or fading of the memory trace. Trace decay theory focuses on time and the limited duration of short term memory. No one disputes the fact that memory tends to get worse the longer the delay between learning and recall, but there is disagreement about the explanation for this effect. According to the trace decay theory of forgetting, the events between learning and recall have no affect whatsoever on recall. It is the length of time the information has to be retained that is important.
The superior recall of items at the start of the list is called the primary effect, whilst the superior recall of the items at the end of the list is called the recency effect. This is good evidence for the multi-store model of memory because it shows the difference between the STM and the LTM. Rundus & Atkinson (1970) Rundus and Atkinson asked participants to rehearse out loud the list they were given (similar to Murdock's experiment). Tape recordings showed that words from the beginning of the list were more likely to be rehearsed than later ones. Because of the limited capacity of the STM, words from the middle of the list are thought to be lost completely or unavailable for recall.
Willingham states that primary memory is limited to 2 seconds of acoustic code and four visuospatial objects. Semantic-based memory is not as limited because it utilizes a process known as “chunking.” Chunking in a process that increases the capacity of primary memory by having the secondary memory doing the translating, or encoding, using semantics. The reason that Primary memory is temporary is because interference and decay effect what can be stored in that area of the brain at one time. Any damage or factors that would prohibit the Primary Memory storing information effect that future or past memories have on the current information stored in primary memory. Decay is the biggest interference to the ability of Primary Memory and limits its capacity and the required attention to retrieve information.
The priorities of the two alternatives I have chosen change in a similar manner. Moreover, it seems like the cut-off points for Political and Social impacts are approximately the same. Thus, at the beginning the opportunities of rejecting TransCanada application are always higher but as we increase all priorities shown above, the benefits of accepting Keystone XL will surpass the ones of rejecting it. Page 11
What is the Law of Effect? [2 marks] - Behavior is controlled by its consequences such that any response that is rewarded or reinforced, will be more likely than if not reinforced, to occur again in the future. 10. Explain the difference between fixed ratio and variable interval reinforcement schedules. Which works best and explain why?
The reward/need satisfaction theory of relationship proposed by Byrne & Clore (1970) asserts that if a relationship is seen to offer the prospect of reward (for either party), it is more likely to form – if there is little or no perceived reward, the relationship does not form. Their model is based on the behaviourist principles of operant and classical conditioning. According to the former, behaviour that results in a beneficial outcome makes repetition of this behaviour more likely, whereas if the outcome is undesirable, the behaviour is less likely to be repeated or continued. A relationship that brings perceived advantages is a case of positive reinforcement but the relationship can also be characterised by negative reinforcement if the
The results supported the spreading activation research question since the word relatedness was affected by the response time. Overall we rejected the null hypothesis and concluded that associated pairs were the fastest of all pairs. Keywords: lexical decision, response time, psycholinguistics, memory SPA Lab 2: Lexical Decision Making Experiment Student’s reaction time to an associated word and a non-word are very different based on one’s background and experience. The lexical decision (Meyer and Schvaneveldt, 1971) is a process of the mind which helps us organize our thoughts when a word is introduced. An associated word with a particular word helps us understand the concept.
Through reading hundreds of papers and lots of literature about the studies of false memory, the final work with my research was a review paper titled “The cognitive and Neural Mechanism of the Production of False Memories”. In this paper, I primarily summarized recent behavioral and neuroimaging studies involving the production of false memories at three stage: encoding, consolidation, and retrieval. During the process of encoding, it may occur under the conditions of imagination inflation, associative or gist-based processing, and self-referential processing. During the process of consolidation, the interference of new incoming information and the effects of sleep on memory consolidation are important sources of the formation of false memory. And during the process of retrieval, it largely due to reconstructive failure.