Lung cancer is the deadliest form of cancer, with nearly 90% of patients dying within 2 years of diagnosis, in large part because it tends to be diagnosed late (Gulyn and Youssef, 2010). Signs and Symptoms Initial presentation of lung cancer, regardless of gender, tend to be nonspecific, as a chronic or new cough in 65% to 75% of cases, with 25% or more having a productive cough (Yoder, 2006). Since lung cancer often occurs in central airways it can also present as pneumonia and lymph enlargement; hemoptysis will occur in 20% to 30% of patients. Other symptoms include dyspnea , with 60% of patients developing it early and 65% developing it at some time during their illness (Yoder, 2006). About 50% of patients present initially with chest pain (Yoder, 2006).
According to the American Heart Association, as of 2002, high blood pressure affects more than 65 million adult Americans annually. It killed over 49,000 people that same year(Blood pressure measuring devices 2007). The only way to measure high blood pressure is a sphygmomanometer. This device consists of an armband and a mercury manometer that measures the blood pressure. The armband continues to inflate until there is no more blood flow.
Cardiac arrhythmias affect more than 700,000 people in England is one of the top ten reasons for hospital admission (Department of Health 2005). Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common and important cardiac arrhythmia, it the most common of all the arrhythmias seen in general practice. AF affects 5% of the UK population over the age of 65 years, rising to 10% in those over 75 years of age (Kirby 2005). The principal significance, both to the patient and the healthcare system is the increased risk of embolic stroke. Atrial fibrillation is associated with 15% of all strokes and with 36% of strokes in patients over the age of 60 (Hobbs 1999).
“Make sure appropriate hand hygiene is used. Meticulous infection prevention precautions are required to prevent infections, with particular attention to hand hygiene and standard precautions” (Ackley & Ladwig, 2011, pg. 492). The nurse should also teach the patient what the signs and symptoms of infection are. “Teach the patient and family the symptoms of infection that should be promptly reported to a primary medical caregiver” (Ackley & Ladwig, 2011, pg.
Facet joint pain: physiology, diagnosis and treatment The facet joint has been increasingly recognized as an important cause of low back and neck pain. It has been estimated that facet joint pathology is a contributory factor in 15–52% of patients with chronic low back pain. However, it has also been reported that the prevalence of isolated facet joint pain may be as low as 4% (Binder D. S. and Nampiaparampil D. E., 2009). Prevalence rates of facet arthrosis were examined on 647 cadaveric lumbar spines. By the age of 60, 100% of the samples had prominent facet arthrosis.
According to the text more than 80 percent of persons age 70 and over have at lest one chronic condition with multiple health problems occurring in 50 percent of the older population (cite text). They are often accompanied by continuous pain and distress (text). Heart disease is a common chronic condition in older adults. Coronary heart disease also known as CHD, along with stroke are the leading causes of death among older adults. Coronary heart disease is a condition in which blood to the heart is deficient because of a narrowing or constricting of the cardiac vessels that supply it.
Atherosclerosis is a multi focal, smoldering immunoinflammatory disease of medium sized and large arteries filled by lipids. (Curtis M. Rimmerman, 2008) When plaque builds up the condition is called Atherosclerosis, the build up of plaque over many years.If the flow of oxygen rich blood to your heart muscle is reduced or blocked, Angina or a heart attack can occur. Angina is chest pain or discomfort. It may feel like pressure or squeezing in your chest. Pain can also occur in the shoulders, arms, neck, jaw or back.
The social and media related exposure of smoking and deceit of the tobacco industries is leading incoming generations to create fatal health habits. The negative health effects of smoking and other tobacco use are well known and documented by nearly every health-conscious organization in the United States. Cancer, heart disease, and most major pulmonary diseases top the list of the most painful and deadly reasons to quit and not to start in the first place. It’s estimated that more than 1-in-6 deaths in the United States is due to cigarettes alone. In addition, more than three million people die every year worldwide from smoking related diseases (Pringle 44).
(Bliuc, 2009) Both conditions are very common, especially in women, so much so that the United States Surgeon General has estimated that a total of 45 million people in this country suffer from either one of these debilitating conditions. A 10 % loss of bone mass in the vertebrae can double a person’s risk of having a vertebral fracture, and a 10 % loss of bone mass in the hip increases to 2.5 times a greater risk of having a hip fracture. (Klotzbuecher, 2000) Even in today’s enlightened environment up to 80 % of individuals at high risk who have already had at least one Osteoporotic fracture and have been treated fail to follow up with annual BMD tests. (Eisman, 2004) In the past Osteoporosis been traditionally underdiagnosed and undertreated, which can be explained by one of or a combination of factors. To the patient, it has traditionally been considered as a consequence of just getting older and the early symptoms of neck or muscle pain are rarely relayed to the health care professional by the patient until fractures actually develop, so, as such, these symptoms may be overlooked as minor ailments to be tolerated.
Circulation with hemorrhage, a nurse must assess the level of consciousness, such as the Glasgow coma score and AVPU which are “alert, voice, pain and unresponsive” to control hemorrhage, check the radial and carotid pulses, check for another external bleeding. 4. Disability asses’ neurological status, and Glasgow coma score. 5. Exposure or environment control the nurse should maintain a safe environment to the patient if the patient shows some symptoms or signs of weakness, pain, dizziness or confused and shaking.