Data Collection Techniques

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Five Data Collection Techniques Using available information Observing Interviewing (face-to-face) Administering written questionnaires Focus group discussions Projective techniques, mapping, scaling 1. Using available information Usually there is a large amount of data that has already been collected by others, although it may not necessarily have been analysed or published. Locating these sources and retrieving the information is a good starting point in any data collection effort. For example, analysis of the information routinely collected by health facilities can be very useful for identifying problems in certain interventions or in flows of drug supply, or for identifying increases in the incidence of certain diseases. 2. Observing OBSERVATION is a technique that involves systematically selecting, watching and recording behaviour and characteristics of living beings, objects or phenomena. Observation of human behaviour is a much-used data collection technique. It can be undertaken in different ways: Participant observation: The observer takes part in the situation he or she observes. (For example, a doctor hospitalised with a broken hip, who now observes hospital procedures ‘from within’.) Non-participant observation: The observer watches the situation, openly or concealed, but does not participate. 3. Interviewing An INTERVIEW is a data-collection technique that involves oral questioning of respondents, either individually or as a group. Answers to the questions posed during an interview can be recorded by writing them down (either during the interview itself or immediately after the interview) or by tape-recording the responses, or by a combination of both. Interviews can be conducted with varying degrees of flexibility. The two extremes, high and low degree of flexibility, are described below: • High degree of
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