CBT 2 Abstract Objective: Childhood psychic trauma affects several areas of the brain which in relation causes behavioral problems. Traumatized children who are victims of physical or sexual abuse, neglect or other traumatic event is generally evaluated and supervised by therapist who provides trauma focused treatment. I will be providing information on realistic strategies used for managing dysfunctional emotions and behavior problems which is broken down by the trauma focused evidence base treatment also referred to as (EBT) used for children who are highly distress. Methods: Cognitive therapy looks to help children defeat difficulties. Treatment planning includes a balance of both trauma and behavioral focal point, working on ongoing behavioral problems and behavioral crises, modify distorted thinking so that families could have the knowledge to transfer, and children can learn how to talk through their experiences.
Developmental theories that influenced modern psychotherapy and supervision It is accepted that relation between therapist and client, and supervisor and supervisee are analog and similar to the parent – child relation (Hans Strupp) in the way that these relations are reparative and that they can often heal in the present deficits of the past experience between child and caretakers. It's through relationships with caregivers and other people that children learn how to apply and use their emotions, expressions, and emotional understanding that influence their being in later periods of their lives. In connection with this, for gestalt therapists is very important, considering theory of gestalt therapy, to be aware that there are other important and contributing factors except infant experiences, that also strongly influences our life and that we can not put exclusive emphasize on the early experiences. We believe that life is much more than past and that it is shaping in every moment of our life with present experiences, context and supposed future. Also, in gestalt therapy we believe that contact (relation) is in the hart of healing processes.
The explanation suggests that the primary caregiver is responsible for helping the infant overcome its anxieties and if the care is inadequate then a child will not develop a proper sense of self. Therefore during adolescence when threats to the self occur the symptoms of schizophrenia begin to develop. However, the psychodynamic explanation to schizophrenia has many problems, for example: Freud claimed that schizophrenia is caused by over-whelming anxiety and is a defence mechanism involving regression into an early stage of development. Freud suggested that one of the positive symptoms of the disorder, hallucinations are the ego’s attempt to restore contact with reality. However there isn’t any research evidence to support Freud’s theory and psychoanalysis is not an effective treatment for schizophrenia suggesting that the psychodynamic theory does not explain the causes of schizophrenia.
Freud believed that everyone’s psychological issues were a result of repressed sexual thoughts, however, Ecacott (1999) states that “ Freud’s description was largely anecdotal. It was not until later that that objective evidence of childhood amnesia was gathered.” (Ecacott, p. 46) Another explanation of childhood amnesia that has been discussed is from the neurological viewpoint, believing that young children’s brains are not fully developed and are unable to store the vast, detailed memories and therefore these specific memories are not able to be recalled at a later date. Radvansky (2006), also discusses the importance of language acquisition, in saying that “infantile amnesia reflects an inability to organize information into coherent life narrative, which can then be used to help retrieval.” (Radvansky, p. 141) The emergence of self theory (or the theory of self) looks at the concept of infants developing a self identity. This allows the infant to begin viewing themselves as “I” and “me” and this concept of self identity continues to expand as the child ages. Throughout many articles, discussion took place around the idea that traumatic events such as sexual assault, mental, emotional and physical assault impacted what a person could remember of their childhood and more specifically of their earliest memory.
However, their fellow psychologist, Eysenck, Allport, Oddbert, and Cattell had a hand in helping bring about one of the more prominent models. The Five Factor Theory Model Personality and Factor Analysis Since the beginning of civilisation people have been trying to figure out a precise defination of personality. According the the dictionary personality means, The combination of characteristics or qualities that form an individual's distinctive character. According to Atkinson it means "the distinctive and charactersitc pattersn of thought, emotion, and hehavior that define and indivudal's personal style and influence his or her interactions with the envireonment" (atkinson, atkinson, Smith & Bem, 1993: 525) Pscyologist studiying personality have two different areas to work within. The first finding traits that are different in their subjects, the second involves "synthesising the psychological process of human
(Aengel; 2010) In this essay, I want to do an overview of the different human developments and how by having an understanding of the effects each stages may have on an individual in adulthood, along with the use of the other psychodynamic approaches for example: transference, counter-transference, defence mechanisms and Malan’s triangle, will help the counsellor work more effectively with the client. The theories that form the basis of psychodynamic counselling are as follows: * Freud – Psychosexual Stages of Development * Erikson – 8 Stages of Psychosocial Development * Klein – Early Objects Relation Theory * Winnocott – Object Relations Theory * Bowlby – Attachment Theory Human Development Sigmund Freud believed that a child passes through five stages of development, which are known as the psychosexual stages. These stages are: * Oral Stage * Anal Stage * Phallic Stage * Latency Period * Genital stage The stages are all based on different erogenous zones of the body. Freud believed that the child needs to pass through each stage successfully in order to move onto the next stage, if this does not happen then Freud believed that the child would “be stuck” or fixated in that stage of development and the child’s personality
“Evaluate the extent to which Freud’s theory of psychosexual development can help us to understand a client’s presenting issue”. Introduction In this assignment I will evaluate Freud’s psychosexual theory and demonstrate that I have an understanding of this theory, examining the stages that clients are meant to go through according to freud and how its relationship to this theory effects a client’s presenting issue. I will also show how Freud’s theory has a relationship to a client’s neurotic behaviour, and look at some of the criticisms that this theory attracted from other critics, this will help me understand how it was used in practice. Freud’s greatest contribution to psychology was his theories involving psychosexual development, he had a very sexual way at looking at what happens to our mind from birth to teenage years, but before I begin to explain these in more detail we need to look at Freud himself to understand and have an idea on what sort of man he was. Freud was born in the Czech Republic on 6th May 1856, his parents were practicing Jews and were very religious, but as Freud grew up he himself, even though being a Jew never practised.
Evaluate the extent to which Freud’s theory of psychosexual development can help us to understand a client’s presenting issue In this essay we will look at Freud’s theory of psychosexual development in some detail, including an evaluation of the theory’s origin, criticism and strengths. We will be looking at its application, both through history and in current practice, leading to a more thorough discussion centred around its relavance when trying to understand clients’ presenting issues. The main themes of Freud’s work were centred on the significance of the first few years of a child’s life, in the subsequent development of personality. Freud believed that children experience emotional conflicts, and their future adjustment depends on how well these conflicts are resolved. Another theme with Freud’s work concerned the unconscious mind, the part of our mind we are not aware of.
Contemporary Issue in Psychology: Final Project Sharee S. Terry PS115-24 Contemporary Issue in Psychology: Final Project Contemporary issues in psychology began with the study of human behaviors. We observed and discussed waiting behaviors in common areas thru out our society. We gained knowledge by conducting research on waiting behaviors in common areas we frequent as individuals. We explored the influence of stress on our daily lives and its healthy and unhealthy effects on our career, personal life and studies. Our own different and individual strategies for managing stress were discussed as well as how we learned these stress managing strategies.
The psychodynamic approach evolved from psychoanalysis, founded by Sigmund Freud, who considered that people’s behaviours are influenced by their motives or dynamics. Psychodynamics has three distinctive features or assumptions. That the difficulty a client is having has an origin in their childhood. Secondly, the client is not consciously aware of these affecting their motives and impulses, and lastly that it uses the interpretation of the transference relationship between client and councillor (McLeod, p.91). This essay will now consider these features in more depth.