Adler and Jung Adler believed that people are motivated by inferiority feelings. These feelings of inferiority are the driving factor for people to become successful. Actions are intentional and those actions are more important than heredity and genetics. However, Adler also recognized that “biological and environmental conditions limit our capacity to choose and to create” (Corey, 2009). Adler used a holistic approach that the person is a whole and cannot be treated in parts.
Minority Influence is not a common social influence; a more common form of social influence is actually conformity, which is also termed as Majority Influence. In order to illustrate the theories and differences between these two forms of social influence, we studied two experiments done by Solomon Asch and Serge Moscovici, who were the pioneers in the researches of Majority Influence and Minority Influence respectively. Asch’s experiment showed that due to Majority Influence, the subjects would deny the evidence of his own eyes and yield to the group influence. Yet, on the other hand, Moscovici’s experiment showed that sometimes the minorities can exert an effect over the opinion of a majority. Moscovici presented the participants with various shades of blue and asked them to shout the color out loud.
James Rachels, in his The Challenge of Cultural Moral Relativism, argues that cultural moral relativism, the standard y which people find things acceptable or not depending on their own cultures, is not a relevant and ethical way to judge cultures and their practices. His arguments aim at explaining why, just because a practice or belief is held to be true by a society or culture at large, does not make it right or ethical ultimately, or free from criticism. Perez 2 Upon learning of a certain ethnic or socioeconomic group discriminating or otherwise persecuting another group, weather drawing lines of distinction based on racial or other criteria, most people recoil in distaste and reproach. From the Indian caste system, which relegates some people to menial, undesirable positions of labor, to the German Third Reich, which decided weather people lived or died depending on their ethnic and religious background, exterminating millions of people, what is and has been seen
The humanist approach doesn’t describe deviance as a behavior, rather defining it by the reaction and it being a subjective experience. The positivists focus on the high consensus deviance, the deviance that the majority agrees upon, such as hurting yourself or someone else. They want to explain the behavior and believe that it’s caused by the social environment. One theory used to explain behavior by the positivists is control theory. Control theory helps explain “crime, deviance, and especially delinquency” (56) In 1969, Travis Hirschi developed control theory.
According to Harris, they are referencing different components of humanity. In ideal U.S. culture, one would not understand these differences. It is important for ethnographers and world travelers to understand these differences in relation to other cultures because other cultures may have multiple words for the essence of a person (individual and self are considered in this essence). According to Grace
Interpretivists are those who support the use of more humanistic methods within research as they believe society cannot be studied as a science because human behaviour is not governed by society. These sociologists each make different claims to support their use of either quantitative or qualitative data. Within this essay, the claims supporting the use of each data will be discussed as well as the claims to dispute them. Quantitative data, according to Mustapha (2009), is data that usually takes the form of statistical and numerical information. This form of data is obtained using various quantitative research methods such as questionnaires and structured interviews.
ASSIGNMENT 1 1. Ideology The concept of ideology have many various perspectives. One of the perspective is by Ambercrombie, Hill and Turner (1980) who view ideology as a form of social order that is sustained by the acquiescence of the majority. However, people are able to resist and reject the ideology of the majority. A more neutral view of ideology is that it is synonymous to our worldview.
This can be useful in obtaining overall coverage of the psychological similarities and differences between subjects to establish general laws regarding human behavior. However, as pointed out by Gordon Allport, such larger scale studies tended to ignore individual personalities and each the uniqueness of each personality (McAdams, 2006). This is in direct contrast to the idiographic approach, which has little concern for the general principles of human behavior and is instead concerned with the personality of the individual. The emphasis is on examining these personalities as discrete psychological units and trying to discover unique patterns. Those utilizing an idiographic approach do not seek to identify ways in which an individual is similar to others, but rather to identify consistencies and inconsistencies within the individual's personality.
In addition to that, the practical and academic intelligence which are able to develop independently or conflict with each other and the culture’s values might shape in child’s development direction. There is part from the first article, which I also disagree, “...everyone raised in a particular culture will share equally in that culture’s style of thinking...”, so that I do not think that the cognitive development of people are based on just the culture. The second article of the paper is about the cultural conditions on intelligence tests. According to researches in the article, nonverbal or visual intelligence tests are based on cultural conditions. There is an argument which explains the needs of adapting the intelligence tests to other cultures.
Lastly, Cultural Relativists often argue that it is mere arrogance for us to judge the conduct of other societies, and that we should adopt an attitude of tolerance toward the practices of other cultures. Although it may be a display of arrogance to judge the conduct of other societies, it is sometimes necessary to do so and convey disagreement when the situation arises. Given these revised interpretations of the 5 claims commonly made by Cultural Relativists, individuals and cultures ought to be guided by a revised philosophy known as Centralized Cultural Relativism, where societies may have different moral codes, but they all inherit certain properties from a parent code, which is influenced by factors including human biology, physiology, and what is necessary for a society to