Critique and Discussion: Many Are Called, but Few Are Chosen:

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Many are Called, but Few are Chosen: An Evolutionary Perspective for the Study of Entrepreneurship by Howard E. Aldrich and Martha Argelia Martinez Synopsis and Critique By Jasmine Ajanee Synopsis: The anatomy of an entrepreneur and their study has been a major challenge for the entrepreneurship research community. The understanding of how entrepreneurs are able to “create and sustain successful organization despite severe obstacles” remains an ongoing practice. Through extensive investigation, researchers Low and MacMillan have come to the conclusion that the three elements of entrepreneurial success are process, context, and outcomes and entrepreneurship theory or research design should include outcomes of efforts and processes that led to those outcomes; as well as an understanding of social context in which entrepreneurs develop their efforts for entrepreneurial success. As the authors point out, “entrepreneurs are socially important not because they exist, but because they succeed in creating organizations.” Aldrich and Martinez identify three evolutionary advances to the study of entrepreneurship and contest that pragmatic steps are needed in the future. Firstly, the study of entrepreneurs should not be an identification of characteristics but an analysis of consequences of actions. Secondly, a deeper understanding of how entrepreneurs use knowledge, networks, and resources to establish firms is necessary. Finally, a richer analysis of environmental forces and their effect on entrepreneurship at different levels of analysis i.e. population, community, and society is needed. The weakest area of study for the entrepreneurship research community is the process of application of knowledge. What is needed is continuous measurement of results at different levels of analysis and integration. Critique: The article provides a foundation as to the

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