This shows that privation had an effect on the children and had affected their ability to form attachments. Hodges and Tizard’s study suggests that privation has negative effects on people in later life; however there may be other factors that affect people. Privation is only one of these numerous factors and other studies have proven that children can recover from privation to form attachments in later life. Privation is more likely to cause damage when paired with other factors and therefore privation cannot be solely to blame for the inability to form attachments. In addition to this, the Hodges and Tizard study did not follow the participants into later life.
In addition, some people may give false information, which is why some researchers like to stick to interviews and experiments for increased accuracy. Positivists favour questionnaires, as they tend to be reliable. They are also representative so it can be easy to generalise in most cases. However, questionnaires present a range of practical issues that can affect the reliability. For example, with postal questionnaires the researcher cannot be sure whether the respondent has actually received the questionnaire.
Stroop (1935) thought that using incongruent stimuli would cause interference and a delay in response time because of automaticity. He also thought that if he used congruent stimuli that facilitation would occur. Stroop saw that the condition that elicited the longest response time was the condition where the participant had to state the ink color rather than the written word. Thus, he saw that participants showed faster response times in the condition where they were to state the written color word and not its ink color. This faster response time appeared because the individual automatically processed and read the word before cognitively processing its ink color.
Had the subjects been informed of the study’s purpose, the question of ethics would be less ambiguous. Some would argue that the special conditions needed for this study required the lack of informed consent. Males in the study would perhaps behave differently had they known what the goal of the study was, or that they were even partaking in a study. Although this is a valid point, debriefing and the request of consent after the experiment were attainable and would have put together a more ethical and less questionable study. Various approaches could have been used to compensate for the lack of personal privacy and informed consent but were not.
It says that information is processed by a series of systems, attention – perception – memory – attention, and this is an active process so the information may be transformed or altered therefore the input may be different to the output. The active process is seen like this; Stimulus – input processes – storage and related processes – output processes – Response. A study to support this assumption was carried out by Stroop where participants took longer to name a color then the word didn’t match than when it did match the color. This is an example of information processing because it shows that we automatically take in the meaning of the word which distracts us from the specifics of the task. The colour that the word is written in will actively interfere with the naming of the colour.
(2) If attachment patterns reflect relationship characteristics rather than traits in the child, one would expect that characteristics of dyadic interaction would be associated with patterns of attachment. The research cited by van IJzendoorn provides support for a causal role of parental sensitivity in the development of attachment security, though much less research has addressed the interactive patterns that precede avoidant and resistant attachment. Research reviewed by Hennighausen and Lyons-Ruth has also demonstrated that certain parental behaviours, such as withdrawal, negative-intrusive responses, role-confused responses, disoriented responses, frightened or frightening behaviours and affective communication errors, which include contradictory responses to infant signals, are likely to be more evident in the context of certain types of parental psychopathology, and have been documented to be associated with disorganized attachment.3,4 (3) A central tenet of attachment theory has been that early experiences between young children and their caregivers provide a model for intimate relationships in later life. Although this model is believed to be modifiable by subsequent experiences, the theory has posited a conservative tendency to resist change. These propositions suggest that in a stable caregiving environment, one would expect to find stable patterns of attachment, but in environments characterized by significant changes, one would expect less stability.
Ofcourse, an intuitive feeling about the relationship between an outgoing personality and second language learning is not sufficient evidence on which to base a theory of teaching and learning. A number of empirical studies have been done to try to explain the effects of outgoingness versus reservedness on second language acquisition. Some studies have shown a clear
This is especially true in times of stress or danger when our behaviors become more instinctual and we rely on older systems of thinking and acting that evolved before our ability to speak and write. This innateness creates intuitive feelings about the genuineness of demonstrative communication, and this genuineness relates back to our earlier discussion about the sometimes involuntary and often subconscious nature of demonstrative communication. An example of the innateness of nonverbal signals can be found in children who have been blind since birth but still exhibit the same facial expressions as other children. In short, the involuntary or subconscious nature of nonverbal communication makes it less easy to fake, which makes it seem more honest and
Many people fear that these theories will make excuses for criminal acts and divorce. The nurture side of the argument has best been supported by studies of infant and child temperaments. John Watson showed how he could create a phobia in a young child with the Baby Alfred experiments and new studies are showing that a sense of humor is influenced by the environment rather than pre-determined by genes. To this day, one can be put at ease because genes may provide a template of who one becomes but cannot determine everything (Powell, 2009). Although both biology and the environment affect one’s behavior, the role the environment plays is more significant due to the lack of biological make-up in humans.
One thing they expected to find in the experiment would be that the mothers and children that were clinically anxious would have higher scores and correlations than the ones who weren’t but the results were insignificant. However, the expressed behaviors were higher. According to the study and their findings, the results of the experiment could implicate some kind of treatment for childhood anxiety by managing parental anxiety and being