Cooperative Learning Theorists

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Cooperative Learning Since the last decade, cooperative learning has emerged as a leading approach to classroom instruction. Studies conducted by theorists Johnson, Johnson, Holubec, Slavin, and Kagan have revealed that cooperative learning group tasks tend to have higher academic scores.(cite to support) It is important for teachers to know that there is a difference between cooperative tasks and cooperative learning activities. In order to achieve successful learning using cooperative learning, students must have defined objectives, precise task instructions, heterogeneous groups, an equal opportunity for success, positive interdependence, face-to-face interaction, sufficient time for learning, individual accountability, group rewards, and a post group reflection. All theorists discussed above, agree that students must cooperate in order to achieve their learning objectives (cite to support). In addition, they share a similarity in that students work in four-member teams to master content. All theorists have only slight differences to their approaches for cooperative learning models. Johnson and Johnson, focus on developing a specific structure that can be incorporated with a variety of curriculums, with an emphasis on integrating social skills with academic tasks. Johnson and Johnson have more specifically defined cooperative learning to include four necessary components: face-to-face interaction, positive goal interdependence, individual accountability, and demonstration of interpersonal and small group skills.cite Johnson’s use APA here.believe that group grades can be used fairly. They believe that positive interdependence can be created by making goals, resources, roles or rewards interdependent. They (JJH or Ledlow?)offer strategies for making grade in the classroom interdependent by averaging members’ individual scores, totaling members individual
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