Running head: JOURNAL ARTICLE CRITIQUE PAPER Journal Article Critique Paper Chris Muth University of Phoenix Action Research MTE 561 Mishaleen Allen October 31, 2009 Journal Article Critique Paper Journal Article Critique The following critique features, “Who is responsible for educating English language learners? Discursive construction of roles and responsibilities in an inquiry community,” by Bonnie English, featured in Language & Education in 2009. The purpose of the critique is to identify the integral parts of the journal article. What background information is given, if any? Schools across the United States are educating more linguistically diverse students than ever before (Garcia and Cuellar
Many questions have been raised about whether children need more than ‘cupboard love’ to exist. Do we really need comfort and love to survive? Harlow and Ainsworth’s research work emphasised the importance of attachment with their primary caregiver however their methods were very different. Harlow (1958) and Ainsworth (1950) provided valuable insights into sensitive responsiveness by children and their main caregiver. By comparing the psychologists’ experiments we get a greater insight into children’s requirements not just for necessities like nourishment but their innate need to be loved.
There are two types of conditioning involved in learning theory: classical conditioning is learning through association (of the neutral stimulus with the unconditioned stimulus). Operant conditioning is learning by reinforcement. There are two types of reinforcement; positive and negative: Positive reinforcement is when a behavior results in the addition of something pleasant. Negative reinforcement is when a behavior results in the subtraction of something unpleasant. We can apply the principles of learning theory to attachment; for example classical conditioning is apparent when an infant associates pleasure such as food and warmth with the mother or primary caregiver - the mother or primary caregiver therefore becomes a source of pleasure themself.
Free association is where the client will be given a list of words such as ‘mum’, and then the first word that comes into their mind will be said. It enables psychologists to understand possible reasons why they may engage in challenging behaviour as they are witnessing their suppressed feelings. Dream analysis also helps psychologist’s reasons to understand this behaviour as dreams, they show unconscious symbols. Free association and dream analysis can once again be used through co8unciling although there has to be a large amount of trust between the individual and the practitioner. The psychological approach links to social care.
Behaviourists believe that people the only way that people will learn how to develop relationships and how to cope with stress and pressure has be to learnt from other people around you. They also believe that a person’s behaviour is learnt and will be repeated if the behaviour is reinforced. There are two theorists that are the most closely related to the behaviourist perspective are Ivan Pavlov a Russian physiologist and B.F. Skinner who was an American psychologist. Ivan Pavlov theory was classical conditioning, Pavlov used dogs attached to a harness and monitors that measured the rate at which they salivate, and he did this as he thought this would be the way to learn about digestion in dogs. He measured the amount they salivated when they were given food, yet, he realised that they didn’t have to be given food for them to being salivating as soon as they realised that they were going to be given food.
He was especially intrigued by how children represented thought or showed what they were thinking. Bruner argued against the prevailing notion that lack of readiness prevents young children from understanding difficult subject matter. He advocated a spiral curriculum in which children tackles challenging topics in age-appropriate ways even in the primary grades, revisiting these topics year after year and each time building and expanding on previous acquisitions. In a later book, Toward a Theory of Instruction (1966), Bruner suggested that children mentally represent events in three ways—first as physical actions (enactively), then as mental images (ironically), and eventually as language (symbolically). Through concrete manipulative and carefully designed activities, children can discover important ideas and principles on their own, first representing them enactively, then iconically, and finally symbolically.
Fryer, the then Secretary of state for the Labour Party to respond to the Dearing report. Fryer’s report encouraged all to embark on a process of life long learning. This report was fuelled by New Labours New deal initiative to enable people on benefits a new chance to gain employment. ‘Life long learning’ was a net for the disaffected youth, who the educational system had previously failed. The Moser Report challenged further Dearing’s and Kennedy’s report by suggesting that the disaffected youth could be a result of deficiency in the basic skills of individuals such as literacy and numeracy.
Her goal is to better understand why teenage mothers have been marginalized by society for many years and wants to change this image and create a new identity for these girls. She also wants to display what types of educational practices are being offered to assist these students at schools designed particularly for pregnant teens and teenage mothers. This research paper is considered to be emancipator/transformative as the one of the main needs for the research paper was outlined to encourage educators to change the way they see pregnant and parenting students. “By examining important aspects of their school-based learning, specifically the literacy practices in which these teens engage, educators are prompted to reconsider the identity of the pregnant and parenting student.” (Hallman, 2007, p.82) The participants become empowered and are encouraged to believe in themselves as members of Eastview School for Pregnant and Parenting Teens. One of the lessons in Bob’s class was a discussion responding to a letter to the editor arguing that schools like Eastview School were enabling students to make poor decisions and to act irresponsibly.
When we work with infants at nursery to help them with basics vocabulary and numeracy we need to choose media that will help them understand. Small children will remember songs, words and rhymes. Infants learn by looking, hearing and touching. They pay attention to voices, music and rattles. Patience is the most important skill.
Behavior management is one of the most popular and important topic in the field of early childhood education. Nothing makes parents and teachers more frustrated than an inability to manage a young child’s behavior. In this paper I will describe the purpose of behavior management in early childhood education setting, discuss three strategies teachers may use to determine the function of challenging behaviors and design an individual support plan for each of the challenging behaviors, and summarize the role of the teacher in designing and implementing a classroom behavior plan. Classroom behavior management refers to the discipline system that teachers and schools put in place to teach students to control their behavior. It includes things as simple as how to hand in papers and as complicated as how to handle bullying.