Skinner as a behavioural psychologist believed that the study of observable behaviour is more productive that being concerned with the internal goings on of the mind. He held the belief the best way to understand behaviour was to observe the causes of an action and the associated consequences. He gave this approach the name operant conditioning (McLeod, 2007). In 1957, Skinner’s book Verbal Behaviour was published which introduced the notion that language is behaviour. In the book Skinner (1957; cited in Pavio & Begg 1981) identifies what he calls ‘Verbal Operants’ further broken down into Mands, tacts, ethoics, textuals and intraverbals.
Finally, the third is the pragmatic meaning- meaning of a verbal message that arises from understanding the practical consequences of an utterance. To improve my getting the semantic meaning of what I am saying across I can: use specific, concrete and precise language to improve message clarity, date information to specify when an utterance was true, index to qualify generalizations, adapt my language to my listeners, and demonstrate linguistic sensitivity. To improve getting the pragmatic meaning
A descriptive grammar looks at the way a language is actually used by its speakers and then attempts to analyse it and formulate rules about the structure. Descriptive grammar does not deal with what is good or bad language use; forms and structures that might not be used by speakers of Standard English would be regarded as valid and included. It is a grammar based on the way a language actually is and not how some think it should be. 18. What is the difference between form and function in a sentence?
Nonverbal signals can place the verbal message in a context that provides a basis for how the message should be interpreted. In addition, nonverbal cues help you to clarify what the other person is trying to say by responding to their words with your nonverbal signals, suggests Ting-Toomey). (Live Strong.
Words stand for ideas, people, events, objects, feelings, and so forth, but they are not the things they represent (Wood, p. 95, 96).” 2. How does your unique perspective influence how you perceive language? Communication reflects cultural values and perspectives. It also creates or reproduces culture by naming and normalizing practices valued by the culture. The words of a language reflect what the mainstream in a culture regards as worth naming.
By understanding we mean Processing and making sense of what people say Understanding words being spoken Understanding the rules of grammar used. By communication we mean the way in which language is used to interact with others, Using language in different ways to question, clarify, describe and debate. Using non-verbal rules of communication: listening, looking, and knowing how to take verbal turns and how to change language use to suit the situation. The ability to take into account other people’s perspectives, intentions and wider context. We need all three elements in order to get our messages across.
Language is defined to be a communication of thoughts and feelings through a system of random signals. These random signals could be voice sounds, gestures, or written symbols. Language does not only consist of voice sounds, but also encompasses body language and kinesics. Language consists of verbal language, body language, facial expressions, and sign language. Language and cognitive psychology phenomenon is that the new levels of cognitive psychology are reached and understood so should the levels of the different languages.
1. How do Eckert & McConnell-Ginet define the phonological level of language? What is an example of a phonological feature that we generally think of as (perhaps stereotypically) signifying a particular gendered way of speaking? (You can either use the example given by the authors or provide your own.) The phonological level of language in the reading is defined as a level of language that structures the units of sound (or of gesture in the case of signed language) that constitute linguistic form.
In addressing the epistemic quality of rhetoric, Robert Scott has said, “rhetoric may be the art of persuasion, that is, it may be seen from one angle as a practical capacity to find means to ends on specific occasions; but rhetoric must also be seen more broadly as a human potentiality to understand the human condition” (quoted in Brock et. al, 1990, p. 143). What constitutes rhetoric, then, is human symbol use that results in knowledge-formation, including, but not limited to, persuasive discourse, appeals to memory and historical inquiry. With these three elements--persuasion, memory and history--a unique form of rhetoric exists in the Korean War Memorial in Washington, D. C. Unveiled and dedicated on July 27, 1995, the Korean War Memorial sits opposite the Vietnam War Memorial on the other side of the reflection pool. The Korean Memorial was erected partially due to pressure from Korean veterans who felt neglected after the 1984 construction of the Vietnam War Memorial.
Following these sounds being blended together, an individual must heed to rules; for example, there are several consonants sounds which require a form by the atmosphere existing in an individual’s vocal cord stop consonants. Thirdly, the level of sentences in the English language. In the English language of sentences, there are several rules that apply to the construction of a sentence. In spite of the fact of sentence construction has been proven to be combined, and is important to the English language for the reason that rules are carried out and sometimes causes common mistakes such as word sentences that are run-ons. The fourth and last level relates to text in the English language, for the most part texting is related to a psychologist as nothing more than a group of related words linked to form of paragraph.