The Pope ordered Bernard of Clairvaux (in France) to preach a second crusade to take it back and defeat Zangi. From beginning to end, though, this crusade was not successful. Most of Conrad's soldiers were killed as they marched through Turkey. Third Crusade 1187–1192:The Third Crusade was caused by the capture of Jerusalem in 1187 by Saladin, the sultan of Egypt. Saladin was the enemy of the English crusades.
Also according to the High Middle Ages Chapter, the fourth crusade also added to the schism that existed between the Eastern and Western Churches. The crusaders sort of sell out to Alexius IV, who arranged to pay for their debts to the Doge in return that they attack Constantinople so that he may gain the throne. Pope Innocent III warned them not to attack Constantinople because they were fellow Christians. The crusaders advance Alexius IV to the throne, but he was later strangled by Alexius Ducas who also wanted the throne. The crusaders with the help of the Venetians rebelled and they sacked Constantinople for three days against the warnings from the pope.
Pope Urban II’s call for a crusade:Four Accounts -This piece of work has four different accounts of one of the first sermons that Pope Urban gave about the crusade. The sermon was a response to Constantinople plea for help against the Turks. The sermon had called for Christians all around Europe to help save their Christian brothers and sisters who are being greatly mistreated and to take back the Holy land from the Muslims who were currently occupying it. These four accounts were written by churchmen and all of the accounts were written after the conclusion of the first crusade. The First Crusade and the idea of crusading by Jonathan Riley-Smith- I find this book so far to be a good read and chapter 1:Pope Urbans Message to very useful in helping me write my paper.
By the year 1198, Europe had already completed three holy wars to accomplish their goal of recapturing Jerusalem. A new Pope, Innocence the third had been elected who called for a crusade to attempt to resolve the conflict between the Western Rulers by uniting them in a religious cause. Few responded to the Popes appeal until 1202, when there were enough recruits to begin the crusade. The original goal, to retake Jerusalem (like all the crusades), was changed due to intrigues within the Byzantine Empire and a lack of funding. The Crusaders came to an agreement with the City of Venice, which had been demanding payment for the 500 ships they provided for the crusade.
These great rulers set out, each with a massive amount of armies, for the recovery of the holy city of Jerusalem. The 1st to attack was Barbarosa, by taking the overland route, by the hardships of the march and the swords of the Turks. This great emperor was anyway near the days of his death, but nothing could have slowed down his crusading zeal. His army was attacked and he died drowning with most of his men, the rest went back to Germany. With Barbarosa gone, Philip 2 and Richard finally mustered their forces beneath wall of Acre.
James P. Byrd took a chance of trying to answer the question when he wrote Sacred Scripture, Sacred War; which is a monograph that explores how American colonists used biblical texts to justify the Revolution and inspired those who fought in it. The bible was the most read and respected book in the colonies as well as in the new nation, and Byrd as well as many others observe that biblical authority was more important than any other source in endowing the Revolution with meaning. The author of this book James P. Byrd is an Assistant Professor of American Religious Studies, an Associate Dean for Graduate Education and Research Graduate Department of Religion, and a Fellow in the Center for the Study of Religion and Culture, at Vanderbilt University Divinity School in Nashville Tennessee. He has obtained many credentials, graduating from Gardner-Webb University in 1988 with a Bachelor of Arts in Historical Studies, from Duke University with a Master of Divinity in theological studies in 1991, and graduating from Vanderbilt first in 1997 with a Master of Arts in American History, then again in 1999, with a Ph.D. in Philosophy. Byrd offers an “analysis of how American revolutionaries choose defended their patriotic convictions of war through scripture” felt by the Christianity Today Review, 2013.
Socorro Valladares World History Unit 3: Lesson 25 Assignment 12/06/2011 Beliefs of John Calvin and Ignatius of Loyola John Calvin was an influential figure during the Protestant Reformation, as well as one of the fathers of the Reformed branch of Protestant Christianity. Born in 1509 to an upper-class family, he spent his adolescent years studying for the priesthood. In 1528, he studied law and philosophy in Paris and Orleans, where he later grasped Theology and Greek studies. While in Orleans, he was exposed to the works of Martin Luther. Between 1528 and 1533 he experienced “sudden conversion” and grasped Protestantism.
From the late fourth century, the Church had consciously set out to destroy all knowledge that could distract people from devotion to god, thus ushering in the dark ages. Thus most important philosophical, medical, mathematical and scientific knowledge built up by the ancient Greeks and Romans had been lost to Europe forever. Some of the ancient Europe text had been retained by the arabs, who valued knowledge and expanded greatly on what had been preserved. Although Europe had been exposednto Islamic culture for centuries through contacts in Spain and Siciliy, much more Islamic thought was transferred to the west during the crusades. The need to raise, transport and supply large armies led to growth in trade throughout Europe.
Adolf Hitler once said "Who, after all, speaks today of the annihilation of the Armenians?" before he sent out troops to massacre men, women and children in Poland and Germany (Tran 1). This shows that because the Turks had gotten away with their actions at the time, Hitler felt that he could get away with it too. Thankfully, Hitler was wrong because Armenians are still around, spreading the word about their cause today, 97 years later. But how do these Armenians keep their 97 year old cause contemporary?
Part of World War II was the fight against Adolf Hitler and The Nazi Party for their genocide, known as The Holocaust, which was (mainly) against those of the Jewish religion. This war resulted in a death toll range of 11 million to 17 million people. It is estimated that over a billion people, give or take, have lost their lives due to religious warfare, justifying the fear that caused the harsh critique of Bush. The