The different methods and approaches they used to gather the information will be discussed as will the comparisons and the findings of the two studies. When looking at both of the studies it is clear that both have an interest in studying children’s friendships, however, both go about this in very different ways. The study by Bigelow and La Gaipa (1975) wanted to look at the ways children’s friendships developed and changed with age and at different developmental stages of their lives (Brownlow 2012, pg. 242). This is in contrast to the William Corsaro study, which is directed more towards looking at how children communicate with each other within their own social circle.
he studied children in a group of their peers over prolonged period of time. In the early 1970’s little was known regarding friendships of children. Bigelow and La Gaipa (1975) tackled this issue by asking 480 grade school children (equal number of boys and girls) to write an essay about their best friend of the same sex – specifically, what they expected of their best friend and how was that different from other friends and acquaintances. Once all the essays were collected, Bigelow and La Gaipa applied some content analysis – they identified and counted pre-selected features of friendship such as sharing common activities, engaging in organised play, admiration, loyalty and commitment, genuineness, and similarity in attitudes and values (Brownlow, 2012) – also known as frequency counts. William Corsaro’s (1985) approach was
Finally the conclusion will be drawn that even though the studies were researching the same subject matter, the difference in methods used sometimes highlighted contradictory findings. Both studies had an interest in researching children’s friendships. Although this similarity is present, the two studies approached the research of friendships in very different ways. Bigelow and La Gaipa’s (1975) study will be the first to be introduced. The aim for this study was understanding children’s friendship and how this understanding could change throughout the stages of development (Brownlow, 2012 p. 242).
Compare and contrast how content analysis and ethnographic research have been used to study children`s understanding of friendship. This essay will look at the similarities and differences between two research approaches: content analysis and ethnographic research. Both sets of studies were conducted in a research on children`s understanding of friendship carried by Brian Bigelow and John La Gaipa (1975) and William Corsaro (1985). In this essay I aim to consider the background of the research, who the participants were, what type of data was produced and the research contribution towards our understanding of children friendship. Bigelow and La Gaipa as well as Corsaro aimed to investigate children`s friendship and the important role which these friendships play in children`s life.
Friendship holds distinct significances and values to different people and cannot always be effortlessly expressed. A subject which had not seen much recognition prior to the 1970’s was how friendship is perceived by children. This essay is to provide the likenesses and differences between two studies which investigated this subject. The first study which will be discussed was accomplished by Brian Bigelow and John La Gaipa in which they used the content analysis approach. The second study to be considered was completed by William Corsaro in which the ethnographic method was used.
Furthermore, Vygotsky’s socioeconomic model is discussed, with emphasis on the role of language and the cognitive influence of parent-child tutoring interactions and more specifically scaffolding tutoring. Similarities and differences between the two central concepts are also a subject of discussion. Finally, some evidence for the impact of peer-to-peer relationships in toddlers is presented. Based on the existing literature the thesis of this essay is that intra and interpersonal processes are both influential when it comes to forming children’s social and cognitive skills. One of the fundamental theories in the field of social and cognitive development is that of the Swiss psychologist Jean Piaget (1896-1980).
Using the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales to Detect Developmental Delays in Pre-school Children Tania Feliciano Psychological Testing GPS 231.6 Professor Lynn Mudryk Abstract This paper explores the effectiveness in using the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale to detect developmental delays in pre-school age children. The study of intelligence has captivated the interest of many psychologists and scientists of different fields. They have encountered complexities of an individual and in their learning abilities. We will examine one of such tests in the beginnings of intelligence testing. The articles used will explain how this test was developed and how, when administered correctly, it can identify the signs of early developmental delays in children.
A case study is an in depth investigation of an individual or a small group. To learn about the people who are being studied, researchers may observe or speak with them, interview others who knew about them, and find out more about their backgrounds and personal histories. ii. How do psychologists use them Psychologists use what they learn in a case study to generalize broader principles that apply to the larger population. c. Naturalistic Observation i.
John Bowlby (1907-1990) introduced modern day psychology to the importance of mother-infant relationships and their dynamics. Bowlby was trained as a psychoanalyst and studied a myriad of concepts from ethology, cybernetics, developmental psychology and cognition all leading him to the formulation of his attachment theory. This theory was sparked from Bowlby’s report on the mental health of homeless children in postwar Europe. Bowlby extensively reviewed then-current material on institutionalized children separated from parents and concluded that in order for a mentally healthy adulthood, “ the infant and young child should experience a warm, intimate and continuous relationship with his mother in which both find satisfaction and enjoyment” (Bowlby, 1969). With this information, Bowlby realized that the current explanation from Freud that infants love their mother because of oral gratification was wrong.
Counseling is a personal, private conversation arising from the intention of one person to reflect on and resolve a problem in living, and the willingness of another person to assist in that endeavour. There are many different approaches to counseling, this paper will explore the development of two of these approaches during the twentieth and twenty first centuries. Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) was evolved out of behavioural psychology, which was created by J.B.Watson in 1919. Other people involved in the behavioural therapy were, Ivan Pavlov, B.F. Skinner and Martin Seligman. Some of these psychologists believed that “ the basic principles of learning, or acquisition of new behaviour, would be the same in any organism.” (Mc Leod 1993) Because of this belief they set out to understand the psychology of people by observing the behaviours of animals.