a. strain buildup only b. location of foci c. magnitude of P-waves [pic] d. reoccurrence rates of earthquakes in an area and the rate of strain buildup 2. What are most earthquakes associated with? a. rift valleys b. mid-ocean ridges c. divergent plate boundaries [pic] d. plate boundaries 3. At what point in the graph would a rock be permanently deformed? [pic] a. at the start of the stress [pic] b. past
What is "summit deflation"? (page 94, para 2 to page 95) Summit deflation, which is measured by tilt meters in parts per million, is when the slope of a volcano changes usually relatively prior to an eruption. 4. How does Kilauea's magma move upward
Volcanoes and earthquakes In the world, there are many natural disasters which occur without the human's contribution. Volcanoes and earthquakes are some disasters that have a huge impact on many things. These two types of natural events can compare or contrast to each other. These natural disasters have differences more than similarities. Volcanoes and earthquakes are different in three things: the geology, the process, and the effect.
For example, in Indonesia many people settle near Mount Merapi because of the rich and fertile soil favoured for farming. As Indonesia is a poor country many people rely on subsistence farming, therefore are willing to risk everything by settling beside a volcano. Furthermore, in the last eruption in 2010 360,000 people were displaced from their homes, meaning not only did they lose their home but also their livelihood; hundreds also lost their lives. Therefore, the hazards posed could have been minimalised if people chose to settle elsewhere. However, this isn’t the same all around the world due to different types of volcanoes.
However, the L’Aquila earthquake in Italy resulted in a mere 300 deaths. This was due to the earthquake striking a sparsely populated mountainous region and so fewer people were killed. The death toll of the Japanese tsunami (2010) was in the region of 25,000. This was predominantly because the tsunami struck densely populated coastal areas. It is clear that the impacts of these seismic events were worsened by the human factors – had people not chosen to live in the areas affected (particularly Haiti and Japan) then the impacts would have been lessened.
DEMONSTRATE UNDERSTANDING OF A SIGNIFICANT EVENT IN THE CLASSICAL WORLD In the year 79 AD, a mountain in Italy called Mount Vesuvius erupted, the eruption is one of the most catastrophic and famous of all time. Surrounding Roman cites; Pompeii and Herculaneum, which were two densely populated towns located in the Bay of Naples were obliterated by the eruption. It is not known how many people the eruption killed. LOCATION OF THE AREAS AFFECTED BY THE ERUPTON This map shows the cities surrounding Mount Vesuvius, Pompeii, Stabiae, Oplontis and Herculaneum which were all destroyed during the eruption. This map also shows the area of the smoke plume from the eruption.
As a result many LEDC countries such as Chile often experience the effects more severely than those in MEDCs such as Italy. In June 1991 on the Island of Luzon in the Philippines, Mount Pinatubo erupted where 500,000 people lived within the danger zone of the volcano. The Philippines is a LEDC, which relies heavily on sustenance farming, as a result the effects of this eruption severely affected the people. 847 people died directly from the volcano and 500 more from the indirect effects of the eruption. During the time the USA had used the Philippines as a military base and thanks to this they provided financial support.
This is one of the oldest methods of knowing when ground deformation was caused because of rising lava. We also use electronic tilt meters, this is very similar to what a carpenter uses, it has a small container filled with a liquid and a bubble (to measure the change of the slope) There are different and varied sensitivity of tilt meters, for example; you can use tilt meters with ranges from 10 to 10,000 microradians depending on the volcano and range of tilt. “A bulge on the north flank, this was caused due to a blockage at the opening at the top of the volcano. The magma formed in a chamber on the side of the volcano and it was being pushed outward because the more magma was getting forced to the side. It increased by 7 ft a day.” Earthquakes You can predict when a volcano will erupt because you get earthquakes.
These are boundaries where the plats move towards each other but 1 plate travels underneath (subduction). The less dense oceanic plate is the plate that subsides under the denser continental plate. The oceanic plate with melt as it falls to the asthenosphere creating a mantle plume where we expect to see a strombolian (cone) volcano. These volcanoes are typically tall cone shaped volcanoes. They are as such because they lava is andesitic/rhyolitic which means the lava contains 55%+ silica content.
When most people today picture a volcano, they have the same stereotypical view of what it looks like, and what it does. They probably imagine a funnel shaped landform where lava comes exploding out from the top. While this is a fairly accurate portrayal of a volcano, many people don’t know that there are actually several different ways in which volcanoes can be categorized. Based on a volcano’s shape, size, eruption type, and location, it is considered a member of three different volcano types. There are shield volcanoes, composite volcanoes, and cinder cone volcanoes.