Some sociologists have argued that religion can bring about social change, however others have argued that religion in fact causes social change. Nevertheless some believe that religion can be both a conservative force and a force for social change. Max Weber believed in the social action theory whereby religious beliefs of Calvinists helped to bring about social change. This is supported in item A ‘religious ideas can be a powerful motivation for change, as Weber showed in his study of Calvinism.’ The surfacing of modern capitalism in Northern Europe in the 16th and 17th centuries was due to Calvinist beliefs. Calvinists had several distinctive beliefs such as predestination (where god had predetermined whether a soul will be saved or not and there is nothing a person can do to change this), devine transcendence (no individual can claim to know god’s ill, which made people feel inner loneliness), and asceticism, self-discipline and self-denial were required by Calvinist’s and this prepared them for a life under capitalism.
From a Christian perspective, God is the origin of knowledge and truth. From a science perspective, knowledge and truth come from scientific method. “Whereas science seeks to understand the relationships between the observable phenomena of the physical world, religion asks questions about ultimate purpose and meaning that transcend the observable reality” (Osterman, 2008, p1). While there is a dichotomy between science and a Christian worldview, “scientific investigation is a search for truth, just as theology is” (Osterman, 2008, p6). Distinguishing science, which has the chief objectives of description, prediction and explanation, from other methods of obtaining knowledge
Explain what one religion that you have studied teaches about inventions and the way their uses should be controlled. (30 marks) Inventions can be defined as ‘the application of organised knowledge to practical tasks by ordered systems of people and machines’. Some example of inventions would be technological inventions, such as, mobile phones, the internet and surveillance. There are also medical inventions including stem cell research and genetic engineering. Christians have many different views on the issue of inventions and how their use can be controlled.
| COMPARE AND CONTRAST HUMANISTIC AND EXISTENTIAL PSYCHOLOGY, WITH REFERENCE TO THEIR CONTRIBUTION TO THE UNDERSTANDING OF HUMAN NATURE. | BSc (Hons) Counselling & Therapeutic Studies | WORD COUNT: 3000 2/1/2012 | COMPARE AND CONTRAST HUMANISTIC AND EXISTENTIAL PSYCHOLOGY, WITH REFERENCE TO THEIR CONTRBUTION TO THE UNDERSTANDING OF HUMAN NATURE. ‘…the key words for Humanistic therapy are acceptance and growth; the major themes of Existential therapy are client responsibility and freedom’ (CSAT, 1999, ch.6) Introduction Humanistic psychology associated with theorists such as Abraham Maslow, Fritz Perls, Carl Rogers and Sidney Jourard and Existential psychology associated with theorist such as Rollo May, Victor Frankl, Irvin Yalom and Emmy van Deurzen-Smith, share certain concepts that utilise a range of approaches which establish conceptualisation, therapeutic goals and intervention strategies (CSAT, 1999). These psychologies defining similarity is that they both place emphasis on life meaning, objective reality and human potential (Cozon, 2008) and incorporate methods to understanding human experiences. The aim of either Humanistic or Existential approaches is to facilitate the development of a person’s self-awareness and self-understanding.
In addition, the author will expand on the personal theoretical perspective of how she feels her knowledge will contribute to her psychological society. Influence of Diversity To completely understand human nature is to understand the psychological discipline, which evolved from the roots of philosophy. The complexity of this needed more than one specific perspective that later on led to various divisions of development within the discipline. There are 54 subdivisions in the psychological approach that are recognized through the America Psychological Association (APA) today (Cherry, 2012). Some subdivisions include other branches of perspectives of an individual’s behavior; such as environmental psychology, developmental psychology, educational psychology, psychodynamic, and cognitive behavior influence the perceptions of human behavior.
Emile Durkheim, who was the first sociologist to analyze religion from a scientific viewpoint, wrote a book explaining what he felt religion does for people. He thought that it was a way for holy symbols to show a reflection of people and who they really are in a society. After Durkheim’s study, other sociologists interpreted that religion worked “(1) to legitimate social arrangements, (2) to encourage a sense of social unity, (3) to provide a sense of meaning, and (4) to promote a sense of belonging” (Shepard, 409). Durkheim believed that legitimation is vital to religion. For instance, when I begin to think about my soul and life after death, I feel that my soul is much more superior to me as a mortal since it will last longer than I will.
Christian Worldview Paper 1 Tracey L. Maye Liberty University Christian Worldview Paper 1 Science is a rational quest that consists of not only observations and data collection but to also analyze data and use it to comprehend the world we live in. Scientific methods are successions of steps that assist in obtaining and studying the data, to seek truth and incorporate our knowledge. It is a technique for experimentation, implemented to examine observations that provide answers for scientific questions. In modest terms, it is a procedure that encompasses questioning and responding to scientific questions through interpretive experiments. Therefore, it supports a focus for fair science project questions, hypothesis, and designs that perform and assess the experiment.
The role of religion in Bama's Sangati Events by Holmstrom with Viramma: Life of an Untouchable by Josiane and Jean Luc Racine is prevalent in both novels. Hinduism and Christianity are two religions that have been around for thousands of years. These religions have developed philosophies on certain subjects that can be compared in order to show their similarities and differences. Some of the main subjects that can be reflected upon after learning of the history and fundamentals of these religions are the paths to enlightenment or salvation, and the religions' treatment of women. More than a religion, Hinduism is a way of life and a philosophy that is most concerned with spirituality and enlightenment.
In time, new terms were coined on the Linnaean model to designate humanity in various distinctive aspects: homo ludens (G. F. Creuzer and, later, Johan Huizinga), homo faber (Henri Bergson), homo viator (Gabriel-Honoré Marcel), and others. Perhaps the nineteenth century's growing awareness of the universality of religion, especially in the realm of the "primitives" (as they were then known), made it inevitable that a phrase would emerge to express that aspect of humanity that the Enlightenment's ideal had so opposed: homo religiosus, "the religious human." In some circles the expression has gained wide currency, but its sense has not remained constant. Three general meanings of homo religiosus are most important to students of religion. Homo Religiosus as Religious Leader In one meaning, homo religiosus refers to a particularly religious person within a given (religious) community, that is, to a religious leader.
Michael Smith 7 November 2011 Enlightenment Values Compared to Humanist Values The Enlightenment was sparked by the upper intellectual class in the mid-seventeenth century and survived until the end of the eighteenth century. During the course of this period, the principles of science, the individual, the nature of progress, and especially reason were revolutionized and emphasized. The origins of the Enlightenment drew heavily from the Scientific Revolution and its forerunners such as Sir Isaac Newton and Galileo Galilee, but also from other sources like the Renaissance Humanists. Though principled similarly in their beliefs in individualism, reason, and secularized politics, the two movements differed on their general opinions of religion and the Classics, especially Aristotle. The differences also grow more prominent when Italian and Northern Humanism are taken into account.