It spread quickly and within months was all throughout Europe. Albrecht of Mainz did not respond to the thesis. Pope Leo X had the theologian Sylvester Mazzolini draft a heresy against Luther, and summoned Luther to Rome. Luther was examined at Augsburg where the Imperial diet was held. The theologian Johann Maier had a goal to expose Luther and invited him to speak at a disputation: a public debate concerning the doctrines of free will and grace.
‘The personal religious beliefs of Edward VI, Mary I and Elizabeth I explain the religious changes of the years 1547-66’ How far do you agree with this opinion? The personal religious beliefs of Edward VI, Mary I and Elizabeth I had most definitely impacted upon the religious reform of 1547-66. This essay intends to assess to what extent of individual personal religious beliefs shaped the spiral of religious change. When Edward VI acceded the throne at the age of nine, the upsurge of the Protestant faction had overshadowing the new king with their influence. Edward was raised as a Protestant by those closest to him, including his step-mother Catherine Parr and his tutor Sir Richard Coxe, whom he was delighted in surrounding himself with those whose views, he shared.
It involved an entire reconstruction of the Church and of the social order. It meant revolution.”[3] The Reformers desired to reform the existing church, the “Radicals” desired to create a new church based on their theological convictions. [4] Some contend (incorrectly in this writer’s opinion) that the Anabaptists began with Thomas Müntzer (1490-1525). Müntzer was the spiritual revolutionary of the Peasant’s War that occurred in 1525, a leader in the social revolution of his time. He was a student of medieval realism, well studied in church history and the German mystics, and read many Reformation tracts and books.
This marked the start of centuries of religious conflict in Britain. However, even though Henry was a protestant, and had split from the Pope, England remained Catholic, until Henry died and his son became King. As soon as news of Henry VIIIs death reached the continent, exiled Protestants who had fled persecution in the 1530s and early 1540s
He passed laws such as making churches and bishops more plain, services be said in English and creating the Book of Common Prayer in 1549 and a refined version in 1552. Upon his death in 1553 England's religion changed again under the rule of Mary I. Mary was Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon's daughter which meant that she was raised a Catholic. Almost immediately after becoming Queen in 1553, Mary began changing England back to Catholicism, mainly through oppression and persecution of Protestants, such as the two-hundred and eighty executions of Protestants in the five years of her reign. When Elizabeth came to power in 1558 (crowned in 1559) amidst great tensions, she had to make a decision, find a via media church, or make England fully Protestant or fully Catholic, either of which
Henry and Catherine needed the consent of the Pope in order to marry, because church law required that a woman cannot marry her husband’s brother and have children with him. The Pope finally consented after Catherine declared that she and Arthur never consummated their relationship. But by this time, Henry’s father had lost interest in an alliance with Spain, and Henry declared that the marriage was arranged without his consent. The status of their relationship lingered, but after Henry’s father died and Henry took the throne in 1509, he finally married his widowed sister-in-law. (Pastoor & Johnson,
Realizing the mistake in which they had made, the cardinals met in Anagni. At this meeting they declared Urban VI’s election as irregular and called for his resignation. After his refusal, the cardinals elected Frenchman Robert of Geneva pope. He took on the name Clement VII and moved the papacy back to Avignon. Clement VII and Urban VI both excommunicated each other from the church giving rise to The Great
England was a Catholic country, and so Ireland followed in its footsteps and was also a devoted Catholic country. The Act of Supremacy meant that Henry was now the head of the church, a protestant movement. This caused uproar in Ireland since England was becoming a protestant country, and Henry expected Ireland to follow them. On the 11th June 1534, the 8th Earl of Kildare, also known as the vice-deputy of Ireland, renounced his alliance to Henry VIII due to these changes. Henry heard of this and summoned Garette Org Fitzgerald to London since he felt that the way in which Ireland was being run was against the new Henrician reformaties.
Henry was desperate for a male heir, so he wasn’t too pleased when Catherine couldn’t produce one. Henry wanted an annulment of his marriage, and when the Pope refused him this, he created the Protestant Church giving himself the title “Fidei Defensor” (Defender of the Faith) and married his second Queen Anne Boleyn. Mary was declared illegitimate and removed from her position as heir to the throne. She was to no longer be called "princess",
On January 30, 1649 there occurred something that had never before happened in the course of history, and this was a regicide. Regicide is when a king is put to trial and sentenced to death by his own subjects. This happened for the first time in England to King Charles I. Charles was a tyrant king from the beginning of his reign. Eventually England grew sick of this tyrant king and Oliver Cromwell was the leader of the pack. Charles attempted to terminate Parliament, but this was the straw that broke the camel’s back, and now civil war was upon the people of England.