Braga and Weisburd further suggest that the strategies used to police problem places can have more or less desirable effects on police-community relations. Particularly in minority neighborhoods where residents
Contrastingly whites are underrepresented. However such statistics do not tell us whether members of one ethnic group are more likely than members of another ethnic group to commit an offence in the first place; they just tell us about involvement in the criminal justice system. For example differences in stop and search or arrest rates may be due to police racism, while differences in rates of imprisonment may be the result of courts handing down harsher sentences on minorities. There are other sources of statistics to reveal link of ethnicity and offending. Victim surveys ask individuals to say what crimes they have been victims of.
According to Packers theory, the crime control model also leans more toward the idea that the costs associated with providing criminals “rights” are wasteful and would be better applied towards building new prisons and hiring more police officers (Packer, 1968). Under the due process model, law enforcement roles are dramatically reduced as this model leans more towards the constitutional rights of criminals and reduces the amount of officers in a given area. The attention here is put towards spending the money to rehabilitate the offenders instead of towards the hiring of more officers and building more prisons. What roles do the prosecutor and courts play? The crime control model is thought of as the “conveyor belt” of justice.
Although theories like functionalism and Marxism focus on the causes of crime, realists also look at the ways we can prevent crime from happening. Realists trust official statistics and both left and right realists have come up with a variety of solutions to fight crime. Right realists think that situational crime prevention or SCP. They reason that intervening in the immediate situation where crime is taking place is the one of the best things to be done. Using materials like anti-climb paint or neighbourhood watch schemes they make the target harder to achieve, or more risky.
Critical Analysis on “The Missing Piece to the Gang-Violence Debate.” Dan Gardner’s publish, “The Missing Piece to the Gang-Violence Debate”, is strongly controversial in his position against increasing enforcement of drug laws, and boosting penalties for violators. He believes that you should actually limit enforcement and hardship of sentencing when it comes to drugs. Was his argument persuasive enough in the essay to actually influence his wishes into society? Personally, I don’t think so. Gardner’s ideas are too drastic and I believe he didn’t have enough support in his argument that his plans would actually decrease the murders in gang violence.
They claim that profiling is then not about race or ethnicity but about carrying out the most proficient fighting operations to target crime. They, therefore, argue that have been targeted by ethnicity or race is simply the regrettable cost of crime fighting that is effective. Therefore, the supporters of racial or ethnic profiling are under the assumption that the use of appearance based on race or ethnicity as one of the factors for targeting possible criminals in fact yields better results (Harris, 2002). However, in a study conducted by David Harris a Law Professor, these assumptions are faulty. First of all, as of the late 1990’s, no one in the law enforcement departments had bothered to test whether these assumptions had some truth to them.
The Australian criminal law has not been viewed as culturally neutral in its treatment of indigenous Australians in the past, and, as is evident through mandatory sentencing laws in Western Australia and the Northern Territory, continues to be racially biased, discriminatory and disproportionately strict in its treatment of Aboriginal Australians. OBJECTIVES OF THE CRIMINAL LAW The ultimate object of criminal law is to protect the community from crime. But there are many other relevant considerations. Community protection is a primary consideration in sentencing , but it will be weighed against the personal characteristics and circumstances of the offence and the offender . The common law does not sanction arbitrary detention.
Key Terms 1. Community Justice- A philosophy of using community-through community-trough community policing, community courts, restorative justice, and broken-windows probation-to control and reduce crime. 2. Reintegrative Shaming- A process that occurs after an offense has been committed whereby an offender initially experiences reproach from significant others and social disapproval from a community but then is later forgiven, welcomed back into society and provided an opportunity to start anew. 3.
The functionalist would argue that those who transgress are usually dealt with by the law and that order is restored. The conflict theorist would argue that the law enforcement system perpetuates the inequalities and would give the example of how many white-collar crimes go unpunished. Read more: http://www.ehow.com/how_8586125_compare-contrast-functionalist-conflict-theories.html#ixzz2iJlpn5zx Contrast the functionalist and conflict theories of crime. The functionalist would argue that those who transgress are usually dealt with by the law and that order is restored. The conflict theorist would argue that the law enforcement system perpetuates the inequalities and would give the example of how many white-collar crimes go unpunished.
According to Ehrlich, about 15 percent of all police agencies do not report hate crimes. Also, because there are no common characteristics, like certain social or economic groups that determine who the perpetrators of these crimes may be, it can sometimes be difficult to encourage reporting and enforce punishment. The labeling theory suggests that behaviors are deviant only when society deems them as such. So, the theory questions to whom labels apply, why and what happens as a result. For example, if the person or group that are involved in carrying out the hate crime are members of a group that has been “labeled” by other’s as a good or beyond reproach, then it is likely that victims will not feel comfortable reporting these acts, nor will the person responsible be charged with committing a hate crime.