New Spain would be under direction of the mother country Spain. Its economy would strive to gain profit and make Spain richer and stronger by its colonial system. The economy was based on agriculture, ranching, mining, industry, and commerce. The majority of labor that would go into doing these jobs would be from the indigenous people. Most indigenous people were treated unfairly or poorly and worked long, hard hours.
Colonialism is the expansion of a nation's control over territory beyond its borders and has direct political and economic control over the country and its people. European colonialism began as early as in the fifteenth century with the Portuguese and Spanish exploration of the Americas, the coasts of Africa and India. However it was not until the 17th century that Britain, France and Holland established their overseas colonies. The Berlin Conference of 1884 decided which European countries get which territories in Africa which led to the most rapid form of European expansion called the ‘Scramble for Africa’ which took place between 1886 and 1914. The countries involved in the ‘Scramble for Africa’ were Britain, France, Portugal, Spain, Belgium, Germany and Italy.
Some Indian merchants had realized that these trades were unfair so only sold good furs for what they believed was goo manufactured goods. Though there weren’t disputes between the French and the Indians, land disputes would break out between the Indians over hunting grounds. This trade made for a far less stressful relation between the French and the indigenous people of the ‘New World’. Trade did have its faults for the Indians. Disease brought with the French quickly killed many Natives because they didn’t have any immunes built up.
Adapted by the first set of conquistadors, encomiendas serve as a base to control natives in New Espanola. Nevertheless, natives in both Mesoamerica and the Andeans region have been already providing agricultural and labor tributes to their native lords. For example, aztecs would own slaves who could buy their freedom through labor. The Incas had their servers collect tributes around the ayllus to maintain a reciprocity system around the empire. After the conquest and through the declined of the natives surrounding their overworked and poorer conditions, Spaniards did but little to care at the expense of their wealth.
Virginia DeJohn Anderson, “King Philip’s Herds: Indians, Colonists and the Problem of livestock in Early New England” In this article Ms. Anderson talks about how livestock (mostly swine) played a critical role toward King Philip’s War of 1675-76. How hostilities, settlers free ranging livestock wandered into native villages and affected them and how the Indians responded to theses encroachments. English colonist imported thousands of cattle, swine, sheep, and horses because they considered livestock essential to their survival. But the animals caused problems to subsistence practices, land use, property rights and political authority. Indians did not want to own domestic animals since livestock husbandry did not fit easily with native practices, the adoption of livestock would alter women’s lives by affecting the traditional division of labor since women were mainly responsible of agriculture production.
Henry George offered a single tax on land properties in order to give an incentive to put the land to use. This meant hiring for labor and employing workers. This would create more wealth and allow better quality of living for the working class. Social Darwinism states that the strong would see their wealth increase and weak would see a decrease. In other words, it meant that the economy operated under “survival of the fittest”.
In the 19th century most of the European states had already a developed system of colonialism in Africa and Asia that was essential for the development of industry, as the colonies became the customers of the metropolitan products produced on the base of raw materials brought from colonies. The struggle for the suppliers of the raw materials was essential in this period of time, because the existence of suppliers would guarantee the prosperity of industrial production and goods exchange. As nearly all of the countries of Europe became free from the feudal system of relations (the last one was Austro-Hungarian Empire in late 1840ies and Russia in early 1860ies, where the economic and social reforms on the transition to capitalist form of relations began the latest in Europe), there appeared a need in the rapid development of the production which could be realized only with the introduction of new technologies in every sphere of industry, in order to ease or sometimes even totally substitute the labor of a man. It became possible with the invention of the steam power, steam engine and steam-based transportation-locomotive. The
Many of these acts proved to be failures, and left conflicts unresolved. The Allotment Act of 1887 was passed to provide each family of tribal members 160 acres of land in hopes for assimilation with the non-Native Americans. This act ended in failure with poor planning, and no effort with teaching Natives how to cultivate land like White homesteaders in order to survive. Later, this resulted in many White landowners taking possession of these lands. The few Native Americans that managed to keep their land, the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA), a federal government committee, served as trustee and held the legal titles over these lands.
Enclosure Prior to the 18th century, agriculture had been much the same across Europe since the Middle Ages. The open field system was essentially feudal, with each farmer subsistence-cropping strips of land in one of three or four large fields held in common and splitting up the products likewise. Beginning as early as the 12th century, some of the common fields in Britain were enclosed into individually owned fields, and the process rapidly accelerated in the 15th and 16th centuries. This led to farmers losing their land and their grazing rights and left many unemployed. In the 16th and 17th centuries, the practice of enclosure was denounced by the Church, and legislation was drawn up against it; but the developments in agricultural mechanization during the 18th century required large, enclosed fields so as to be workable.
For more than three centuries the European nations had extended their influence and imperialism into other continents such as Asia, Latin America, the West Indies, and Africa. This was possible because these European nations were relatively economically and militarily stronger than the people of other continents. The Scramble and Partition of Africa The scramble for Africa, also known as the Race for Africa, was the rush or hurry for African territories by European powers. These European powers rushed for African territories due to several reasons. These causes can be categorized into economic,