Assessment 1.a Identify two goals of systematics. Answer-to assign each species a unique, universally accepted name; to organize living things into groups that have biological meaning 1b. Why do the common names of organisms-like daisy or mountain lion-often cause problems for scientists? Answer- Common names vary among languages and from place to place. 1c.
Mr. Izell AP Biology Period 3 Guys Before Darwin 1. Aristotle- Lived from 384-322 B.C. He viewed species as unchanging animals. He recognized certain “affinities” among organisms and proceeded to conclude that the life-forms could be arranged on a ladder called the “Scala Naturae”, which states that each form of life has already allotted rung on this ladder. 2.
Biochemistry Article Review The Proof Is in the Proteins By: Katherine Harmon My article The Proof Is in the Proteins outlines how Douglas Theobald an assistant professor of biochemistry of Brandeis University took the idea of there being a single ancestor to all other organisms and proved this old-age Darwinian theories likelihood. This theory comes from Charles Darwin who fathered the theory that all species of life came from one common ancestor evolving over a period of time. This theory is one that many researchers and biologists base there own work around. Many people think it may already be obvious that many life forms grew from one single organism because of the fact that we have discovered and dissected DNA and its genetic heritage. With the discovery of DNA in the mid-20th century it established this idea in popular and academic rings
Explain what classification is and describe the features found in each kingdom (10) Classification is the assignment of organisms to groups within a system of categories distinguished by structure, origin, etc. The usual series of categories is kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species. The natural classification used today was devised by the Swedish scientist, Linnaeus. In this scheme, organisms are grouped together according to their basic similarities. A hierarchical system has been devised to distinguish large groups of organisms with a series of rank names to identify the different levels.
What is the binomial nomenclature? Why is it important to science? Latin naming system for all living things 8. Name the three domains and characteristics of each. Bacteria, archaea, eukaryote 9.
Introduction Cladogram is a tree diagram that is designed to determine the relatedness and evolution of species. Two methods to produce a cladorgam one based on morphological characteristic and another based on sequence of amino acid. Based on morphological characteristic, first, taxa are chosen that are close or being interesting of their evolutionary relationships. Then, the characters are determined based on synapomorphies and the cladogram is produced based on the traits. The principle behind cladorgram, it identifies and considers only those characteristics that are new characteristics that arise over time.
He is just a biologist, which explains his great knowledge of how genes work. This was not Ripley’s first book about the human genome. His has put out a vast collection about human evolution, sex, and genes. Ripley gives us many reasons to believe that he takes a biological science to a whole different level with his understanding of the human genome. Ripley presents us with ideas of the biochemistry of genes and the psychological effects they may have.
Discuss the origin and significance of diversity within and between species using a named taxonomic group of your choice It is thought that all life on Earth shares a common ancestor despite the enormous variation of organisms found across the globe. The significance and origin of this diversity will be discussed using examples from the Salamanders ( Order: Caudata) which is composed of 10 families( see figure 1) and approximately 400 species that due to a wide array of adaptive features occupy grasslands, forest canopies, caves, rivers, seasonal ponds and other aquatic environments across Eurasia and the Americas (Davic,et al 2004) Figure 1 showing the families of Caudata and their phylogenetic relationship (Larson et al,2006) The origin of Variation within species Within a species there is a vast amount of variation with no two individuals being identical (Darwin, 1859). The cause of variation within a species is primarily due to genetic reasons and to some extent environmental factors (Campbell et al. 2005). The genetic factors can be subdivided into mutations and chromosomal activity during sexual reproduction.
Genetics can simply be defined as the study of heredity. Heredity is the biological process where a parent passes certain genes to their offspring. In our laboratory, our group mated fruit flies to witness Mendel’s laws and heredity in action. “The genetic instructions to build a fruit fly-or any other organism-are imprinted in its DNA, a long, threadlike molecule packaged in bundles called chromosomes. Each chromosome consists of many individual sections called genes.
Nothing in biology makes sense except in the light of evolution (Dobzhansky, 1973). Science of Phylogeny has advanced with addition of genome sequence data and application of new molecular approaches. Phylogenetic trees are used by biologists to resolve variety of issues pertaining to taxonomy. Angiosperm Phylogeny Group 3 classification system is the currently prevalent classification system of plants which shows the importance of phylogeny in systematics studies. The phylogenetic trees depict the relationships among various groups of organisms based on different taxonomic aspects which play a pivotal role in comparative studies (Soltis and Soltis, 2000).