Classical Versus Modern Logic

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Classical Versus Modern Logic Curtis A. Cooper Dr. Bernard Curry Humanities 200/ Logic December 10, 2010 Classical Logic Although the roots of classical logic can be traced back, in one form or another, to Chinese and Indian traditions, classical logic as we know it is primarily the brainchild of Aristotle. In the mid fourth century BC, Aristotle introduced the idea that one can check arguments by showing that they conform to one of a set of valid argument patterns. He also considered modal syllogisms, and later traditional logicians added propositional syllogisms to the stock of valid argument patterns (Hodges 2009). His Organon is considered the earliest formal study on the subject. The Organon, derived from the Greek word for “instrument”, contained six sections, which were all tied in to his theories. In “Categories” he outlined ten classifications of existence of which he believed were substance, quality, quantity, relation, place, time, situation, condition, action and passion. Aristotle intended them to enumerate everything that can be expressed without composition or structure. Aristotle placed a greater emphasis on the first six; as such he discusses them at length in the first four chapters while the rest he passed over lightly because he considered them common knowledge (Hodges 2009). In “On Interpretation” he introduced judgment and preposition, and dealt with the relationship of language and logic in a comprehensive manner. “Prior Analytics” deal with his syllogistic method and the “Posterior Analytics” includes definition, scientific knowledge and demonstration. The “Topics” addresses the issue of how to construct a proper argument, and finally, “Sophistical Refutations” includes the treatment of logical fallacies. Aristotelian logic went basically unchallenged for nearly two thousand years until some time between the late nineteenth
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