Discuss how the principals of classical and operant conditioning may be applied to human behaviour. The purpose of this academic essay is to describe and explain the principles of classical and operant conditioning and how it can be applied to human behavior. First we must know the principles of operant and classical conditioning. While these two conditioning techniques share some similarities, it is important to understand the differences between them. One of the major differences involves the types of behaviours that are conditioned.
“Learning can be defined as the process leading to relatively permanent behavioural change or potential behavioural change. In other words, as we learn, we alter the way we perceive our environment, the way we interpret the incoming stimuli, and therefore the way we interact, or behave”. (Heffner, 2001) Individuals can learn in many different ways. One of the learning theories is called Classical Conditioning. This theory works through stimuli and responses.
In classical conditioning, an organism learns to associate or connect stimuli so that the neutral stimulus becomes associated with the meaningful stimulus. Additionally, there are two ways that teachers or parents use to decrease or increase behavior, and these are punishing bad behavior and reinforcing the good behavior. Operant conditioning is used to either decrease undesirable behaviors or increase desirable behaviors. For the desirable behaviors, a number of tactics can be used to achieve them. They include choosing effective reinforces, making reinforces timely and contingent, selecting the most appropriate reinforcement schedule and using negative reinforcement appropriately.
Classical conditioning entails a response that is evoked through the nervous system. The behavior is connected through one’s sensory perception (the five senses). Classical conditioning involves a learned response which is prompted unconsciously and usually involves some response of the autonomic nervous system (fear, sadness, joy, anxiety, etc.). Classical conditioning is the technique of pairing a controlled stimulus with an uncontrolled stimulus to evoke a response. Pavlov’s dog is a most famous example.
Classical Conditioning By: Tyler Koenig Classical conditioning is a technique used in behavioral training. A naturally occurring stimulus is paired with a response. Then, a previously neutral stimulus is paired with the naturally occurring stimulus. Eventually, the previously neutral stimulus comes to evoke the response without the presence of the naturally occurring stimulus. The two elements are then known as the conditioned stimulus and the conditioned response.
Instrumental Conditioning University of Phoenix Psych 550 Professor Maya Aleksic Conditioning involves learning association between an individual and events that occur in his or her environment. Two important theories of learning by conditioning are Classical and Operant conditioning. Classical conditioning involves the pairing of some neutral (conditioned) stimulus (e.g. tone, sound) with an unconditioned stimulus (e.g. light) to naturally evoke a learning response (Bradizza, C.M., Stasiewkz, 2009).
The Concept and Factors that Affect Classical Conditioning The innovation of classical conditioning is accredited to Ivan Pavlov, who is well-known for the broad research done in this area. This is why classical conditioning is also called Pavlovian conditioning after the way Pavlov trained dogs to drool when they heard a bell. In a normal trial with dogs, Pavlov pose an unbiased aural stimulus like a metronome instantaneously prior to putting sand or food powder to the tongue of the dog. With Pavlov doing this act with the dog, salivation was produced. Classical conditioning functions in this ways as before conditioning occurs the unconditioned stimulus (US) and the conditioned stimulus (CS) function disjointedly.
What are some examples of conditioned emotional response that you have observed in yourself or someone you know? What behaviors can best be learned by using classical conditioning methods? Provide two “real-life” examples of classical conditioning in your explanation. What is operant conditioning? How do reinforcement, punishment, and extinction apply to operant conditioning?
Classical conditioning and operant conditioning are very different and alike at the same time. People acquire certain behaviors through classical conditioning, a learning process in which associations are made between an unconditioned stimulus and a neutral stimulus. Operant conditioning occurs when the consequences that follow a behavior increase or decrease the likelihood of that particular behavior occurring again. Classical and operant conditioning are very alike and different. Classical conditioning always has a specific stimulus that elicits the desired response where operant conditioning has no stimulus and the learner must respond, then behavior is reinforced.
Classical conditioning refers to the conditioning of a reflex behavior. The widely known dog experiment by Pavlov is the best example of this. Discriminative stimuli refers to the environmental and internal stimuli that provide a cue for a behavior. The schedules of reinforcement are the rate and ratio that positive and negative consequences follow a behavior Differential association, differential association is a theory developed by Edwin Sutherland proposing that through interaction with others, individuals learn the values, attitudes, techniques, and motives for criminal behavior. Definitions.