UGC NET - PSYCHOLOGY PAPER II – UNIT 2 Instrumental Learning Operant conditioning - Introducation • Other names: instrumental learning or instrumental conditioning. • It is the study of how behavior is affected by its consequences. • Defn: Operant conditioning explains how voluntary responses are strengthened or weakened depending on positive or negative consequences. • In classical conditioning the original behavior is a natural biological response. • On the contrary, operant conditioning is applied on the behaviors that are voluntary.
The conditioned stimulus is the stimulus that eventually comes to trigger a conditioned response. The conditioned response is the learned response from the conditioned stimulus. All of these components are used throughout every case of classical conditioning. Classical conditioning was first used by a Russian physiologist, Ivan Pavlov. Pavlov experimented classical conditioning by experimenting with dogs.
Operant Conditioning Paper Johnny Williams PSY/390 July 9, 2012 Gary Burk Operant Conditioning Paper Operant conditioning is defined as a method of learning with the intention of rewards and punishments that solely depends on a person’s behavior. Through the process of operant conditioning, a correlation is completed flanked by a behavior and an end result for that behavior. Operant conditioning was first introduced by a behaviorist by the name of B.F.Skinner. As a behaviorist, Skinner understood that inner thoughts and motivations could not be utilized to give reasons for behavior. In its place, he then went further to recommend that, we as humans ought to come across only at the external, observable causes of human behavior.
The first of the theories involved in this approach is classical conditioning. This theory was developed by a Russian psychologist called Ivan Pavlov. He did an experiment with dogs to investigate their digestive systems. Classical conditioning theory involves learning a new behavior via the process of association. Two stimuli are linked together to produce a new learned response in a person or animal.
Operant conditioning is a concept developed by behaviorist B.F. Skinner. Skinner did not agree with Pavlov's ideas and thought that his classical conditioning could not give an answer to all behaviors. To Skinner operant conditioning takes place when the behavior has an outcome, and repeated behavior will occur whether the result is negative or positive (Lawson, Graham, Hall, & Baker, Chapter 10, 2007). So in simple words operant or instrumental conditioning for most people is a form of learning, in which the behavior occurs more frequently when followed by reinforcement. However, the behavior that is punish will occurs less frequent.
The key procedures that follow classical condition are as follows: 1) a stimulus is offered to an organism, which will result in a natural and automatic reaction. This stimulus is called the unconditioned stimulus which causes an unconditioned response in return 2) a neutral stimulus that does not result in an unconditioned response is offered to the organism just before offering the unconditioned stimulus. The neutral stimulus is known as the conditioned stimulus 3) once the conditioned stimulus and unconditioned stimulus are harmonized several times then the conditioned stimulus alone can be presented and cause the learned response. This shows a conditioned response has occurred. The unconditioned stimulus is the reinforcement because everything else in the conditioning process depends upon it.
To analyze behavior experimentally, Skinner developed operant conditioning procedures. In this he manipulated the consequences of an organism’s behavior to see how it would affect future behavior. So the consequences “operate” on the environment, thereby affecting it and affecting future consequences. Unlike classical conditioning, operants are not elicited by any specific stimuli. Rather the response to a stimulus “operates” on the environment and thus creates a different response when it affects the environment differently.
When he was no longer able to function on his own he was then just a shell. Nothing left but a shell. This is now the human physiology. There is no life left in Matthew, at least nothing he can do on his own therefore he is no longer Matthew. Melissa would exploit Melinda’s weekness in her argument by saying, the soul is not tangible.
Running head: CLASSICAL CONDITIONING Classical Conditioning January 29, 2011 Abstract Classical Conditioning Classical conditioning is a behavioral modification process in which a subject learns to respond in a particular manner to a neutral stimulus (the conditioned stimulus) repeatedly paired with a stimulus (the unconditioned stimulus) that induces a response (the unconditioned response) until the neutral stimulus produces the same response (the conditioned response) without the initial neutral stimulus present (Terry, 2009, p. 52). A recognized classical conditioning experiment, performed by Russian born physiologist Ivan Petrovich Pavlov, is Pavlov’s salivary experiment performed on dogs. The experiment demonstrates how a neutral stimulus (bell ringing (CS)), repeatedly paired with a stimulus (food (US)), induces a response (salivating (UR)), until the neutral stimulus (bell ringing (CS)), produces the same response (salivating (CR)), without the presence of the initial stimulus (food (US)) (Cherry, 2012). The factors (bell ringing, presence of food) of Pavlov’s experiment are just two factors in the classical conditioning response. Conventional classical conditioning response theory embraces the principles that the origin of the neutral stimulus is unimportant.
11/27/14 Essay Question Four Part A Classical conditioning is a learning process that occurs through association between an environmental stimulus and a naturally stimulus. It involves four main components which are unconditioned stimulus (UCS) a stimulus in the environment that has produced a behavior, the unconditioned response (UCR) a response that unlearn, the conditioned stimulus (CS) a stimulus that is learned, and the conditioned response (CR) a response that is learned. In the classical conditioning there is an association which is developed between the unconditioned stimulus and the conditioned stimulus that prompts the same response. Due to the unconditioned stimulus which is the professor getting into a car incident when his car was hit by another driver who ran through a red light. The professor started to shake and became nervous and fearful is the unconditioned response.