Describe and Evaluate research into Circadian Rhythms, with reference to endogenous pacemakers and endogenous zeitgebers (8+16) Circadian rhythms are biological cycles that generally last about 24 hours, examples of which include core body temperature and the sleep wake cycle. The sleep-wake cycle is maintained by time checks controlled by changes in daylight and social cues like meal times. There is also the free-running biological rhythm run by endogenous pacemakers that is categorised by the isolation of people from external influences i.e. exogenous zeitgebers, relying solely on the endogenous pacemakers. Endogenous pacemakers are body clocks that are internal to our biological systems, the most important being the superchiasmatic nucleus (SCN) which is sensitive to light and receives information via the optic nerve and send this info to the pineal gland, which controls the production of melatonin.
The hippocampus on the other side is responsible for the production of corticosteroids (chemicals that produce physiological responses to stimuli). How the mind creates memories is controlled by the hippocampus. So as to work efficiently, the amygdala and the hippocampus rely on each other greatly. The amygdala regulates the responses to stimuli and the hippocampus uses these responses in the formation of both short-term and long-term memories. Damage to the amygdala or hippocampus causes loss of emotions and memory respectively.
Before the 1920’s, it was assumed that the circadian sleep wake cycle was controlled by external factors, however post 1920’s, it was suggested that biological rhythms are controlled by an internal clock (endogenous pacemaker). Richter (1922) looked at ground squirrels and their hibernation cycles, and he kept them in conditions where a constant temperature was maintained and observed them. He found that the ground squirrels continued to hibernate, and these findings suggested that an internal biological clock must be responsible for the cycle of hibernation. This research challenged the view that biological rhythms are controlled by properties of the world, and it led to more research being done. After proving the existence of an endogenous pacemaker, research was done into its location.
What are the components of the ANS (long) neural reflexes? The components of the ANS (long) neural reflexes include a CNS control center in the spinal cord and the brain. b. What is the stimulus for ANS regulation? Distention for many involuntary digestive movements.
SNS-motor portion under voluntary control ANS-motor portion under involuntary control 6 what are the functions of the dendrites and the cell body of a neuron? -dendrites collect signals the cell body of a neuron lacks centrioles 7 which neuroglia are CNS and PNS ? functions? - astrocyes- CNS-maintain chemical environment , support and nourish oligodendrocyes-produce myelin sheath around adjacent azons microglia-migrating phagocytes ependymal cells-form and circulate cerebrospinal fluid PNS Satellite cells-support cells within PNS ganglia Schwann cells- produce myelin sheath around axons 8. function of myelin? Which neuroglia produce myelin?
• Sensory organs function as receptors and receive the stimuli, then it sends nerve impulses to the related effectors. 3. How does the brain use the senses to search/find stimuli in the environment? • Stimuli from the environment are transformed into neural signals which are then interpreted
Stimuli’s are what transfers to the brain. The brain is dependent on neurotransmitters to send signals for one part of the brain to another part. The neurotransmitters are let go or released by nerve cells, which is what helps in carrying out cognitive functioning. When brain cells are damaged
Conduct Hearing Assessments Health and Social NVQ Level 3 Unit 41 Anatomy & Physiology of the Human Ear How The Ear Works Sounds make tiny particles in the air vibrate. The vibrations travel through the air and hit your ears. The vibrations are collected in the pinna then travel down the external auditory meatus or ear canal until they hit the tympanic membrane which is a very thin layer of skin, this is better known as our eardrum and they in turn make our eardrum vibrate. These vibrations are passed on through the bones in the middle part of our ear which in turn hit each other through the vibrations which makes the sound louder until the final bone, the stapes or otherwise known as the stirrup which is the smallest bone in the body hits the cochlea sending the sound to the inner ear. The cochlea is full of liquid and lined with cells that have tiny hair cells on them which are the start of the auditory nerve.
This is thought to enhance wakefulness and attention. When a dopamine-producing, or presyneptic neuron is active, vesicles in the neuron release dopamine. Some of the dopamine molecules cross a tiny gap, or cleft, and attach to receptors on a dopamine-receiving, or postsynaptic neuron thereby activating it. Pumps on the transmitting cell then pull dopamine from the cleft and back into the cell. Methylphenidate the active ingredient in Ritalin attaches to this pump and blocks it making more dopamine available in the cleft for the signal-receiving neuron.
Along with controlling your food cravings, hunger, and thirst, the hypothalamus controls your metabolism. Meaning if your hypothalamus started malfunctioning you might start gaining or losing weight uncontrollably because your hypothalamus couldn’t function correctly and help you maintain homeostasis. As I stated earlier one of the hypothalamus’ basic missions is to keep homeostasis. And one way it can do that is through our need for energy. All living things share seven basic characteristics and getting energy is one.