There was a period where the aggressive and hostile papacy came into conflict with empires and monarchs that led to the East-West Schism of 1054. The papacy made strides to gain its independence from secular rulers. This was helped by the fact that the church was marshalling for the use of armed forces by Christians. The result of this was very intense and led to the increase in Christian piety and the interest of taking the Palestine from Muslims using the notion of “Just War”. The core of this school of thought was that non-Christians needed not to be forced to accept the religion or should they be physically humiliated for having a different faith apart from Christianity.
The Crusades were a series of holy wars fought between the Christian and the Muslim for control of Jerusalem and the area near it. However, while salvation and redemption in the eyes of God were major reasons for starting these crusades as seen in doc. 1 and 2 which promise absolution of the sins of the fighters, there were many secular reasons for fighting the Crusades which include possessing more prosperous land which is exemplified in doc. 6 and 7. Doc.
The Puritans fled from England to the New World to escape persecution. The Puritans, their name meaning to “Purify” the church urged for many reforms in the Church of England. The Puritans followed John Calvin’s vision of predestination, and believed that everyone had either two destinies- salvation or damnation. Puritans are commonly known for their quest to freedom -freedom through salvation as well as freedom of their own religious practice- and their strict hardworking lifestyle. The Puritans wanted to alter practices promoted by the Anglican Church as well as decrease the power of the discriminatory and corrupt bishops.
Simony was the buying and selling of anything considered spiritual (Miller 15). He believed that the appointments of church leaders by kings, in this case Henry IV, was an act of simony because the men that the kings were closest to were granted offices. Pope Gregory VII felt that this was a heresy in the church and the ability to appoint men to high positions should be stripped of the kings and emperors powers. During the reform, the holiness of kings was more directly attacked by the reformers who insisted that kings were only men, like all men (Miller 5) which helped Gregory VII find a backing for his revolt against the
Eventually the Cardinals were pressured into picking a Pope and they chose Pope Celestine V. He was a holy man but he was not made to be Pope so he ended up resigning. Pope Boniface VIII was elected in his place. Boniface was very similar to Pope Innocent III in that he was incredibly strong willed and he felt that the Pope should be above
Telling them that whatever they do in the name of the holy land and church will be overlooked by God. This sent the crusaders to a new level of warfare as children were killed, women were raped, and land was set on fire. Although Feudalism led to some type of order and civility, it was all controlled by the Pope and the Church. As Papal power increased, Pope Gregory IV led Western Europe into the 4th Crusade during the High Middle Ages (c.1000-1300). The aftermath of the crusade left Islam and Catholic at a peaceful treaty and trade began.
So, for an especially devout Roman Catholic - like Mary - it seemed only appropriate that she continue in the tradition of the Middle Ages and savagely punish those whose lives were setting a dangerous religious example (i.e. Protestants.) For, what it's worth, I think the arguments I've just given you are valid. But I still don't think that they excuse Mary from what she did. Politically, it made her far more enemies and destroyed
These tyrants have forsaken ethical and moral beliefs. They believe that only force makes right. They are aggressively seeking to expand the area of their domination.” But he did not claim that ridding the world of tyranny would bring eternal peace. As a Christian, he saw both the “barriers of ignorance and poverty” and the “barriers of tyranny”; as a Christian statesman, however, he concentrated his attention on the worst
As previously mentioned, mostly all sources refer to him, in some form or another, saying that this was “Gods Work”, or “The Will of God” (Robinson 312-316). He called it “God’s Work” to justify the war and relate it to them taking their churches back, however how could anybody truthfully call it God’s Work? If anything, it was the Byzantine Emperor Alexios Komnenos’ work. The Italians had no personal involvement in this mess until Komnenos’ approached Urban for help. In order to inspire these people to move into action, Pope Urban II made astounding proclamations; proclamations that played on the people’s faith and devotion to God.
He believed the selling indulgences was wrong, and even the pope, Pope Leo X, did not have the authority to abolish sins through payments. Luther recognized that at this time, the Church was more focused on accumulating money than saving its people and spreading the word of Christ. Luther believed that only God has the ability to take away the sins of humanity. Martin Luther published his opinions in a document titled Ninety-Five Theses. The monk's writing spread quickly around Europe, and he soon posed a serious threat to the Catholic Church.