It spread quickly and within months was all throughout Europe. Albrecht of Mainz did not respond to the thesis. Pope Leo X had the theologian Sylvester Mazzolini draft a heresy against Luther, and summoned Luther to Rome. Luther was examined at Augsburg where the Imperial diet was held. The theologian Johann Maier had a goal to expose Luther and invited him to speak at a disputation: a public debate concerning the doctrines of free will and grace.
This continued until Henry VIII, so desperate to produce a male heir, broke Papal control over England and named himself Head of the Church that taught an offshoot of Christianity based on the teachings of Martin Luther, the Protestant Church of England. This change did not make much difference, as the main different was the head of the Church and belief about divorce. Many more changes came after Henry died in 1547 and Edward VI became king. Edward, led by his advisors, moved England completely from Catholicism and to Protestantism. He passed laws such as making churches and bishops more plain, services be said in English and creating the Book of Common Prayer in 1549 and a refined version in 1552.
How far was the Pilgrimage of Grace caused by religious factors? (24) The Pilgrimage of Grace was an uprising in York in October 1536 headed by Robert Aske, a lawyer, protesting the Crown’s break with Rome and the dissolution of the monasteries. There are many factors that contribute to the pilgrimage of grace such as religion, social and economy, and politics. In the Lincoln and Pontefract articles of 1536 many articles clearly held religious meaning, suggesting that the Pilgrimage was caused by religious factors. For example in the Lincoln Articles it states that the rebels wanted “an end to suppression of religious houses” and “bishops in England do not have… the faith of Christ”.
Protestants believed in “sola scriptura”, which is Latin for “scripture alone” and says that the scripture is the only source for knowledge on salvation and holiness. A German woodcut from the 16th century portrays the Protestant emphasis on the scripture in one of his works (Doc 3). His work advocates Protestant beliefs by showing a young preacher in the Protestant woodcut and a fat monk in the Catholic woodcut. In the Protestant woodcut, the preacher is holding a Bible, as is everyone else. This shows the importance of the Bible to Protestants compared to the Catholic woodcut in which there is no importance placed on the scripture.
October 31, 1517, Martin Luther, a Roman Catholic priest and Augustinian monk, nailed his 95 Theses on the entrance of the Wittenberg church, convicting the selling of “indulgences”, commissioned by Pope Leo X, as immoral conveniences (Oberman). These indulgences, for lack of a better term, were said to have guaranteed the diminution of sins and to have been used for the construction of St. Peter’s Basilica and distribute funds to local districts (Graves). Tortured by obsessions of his own damnation, regardless of a life devoted to divine service, Luther came to consider that the customary means of achieving salvation were insufficient (“Martin Luther”). By nailing his 95 Theses to the gate of the Wittenberg church and stating the opinions
To what extent was Henry’s decision to break with Rome influenced by Thomas Cranmer and Thomas Cromwell The break with Rome was one part of the reformation in England carried out by Henry VIII and his ministers. By removing the Pope’s influence from his court, Henry became more at liberty to pass laws and other reforms, as well as gaining his much sought divorce and subsequent marriage to Anne Boleyn. The break with Rome was a gradual process that began in 1529 with the ‘Reformation Parliament.’ Henry and his advisors passed various legislation and legal processes which damaged the Church financially and politically. The charge of the breach of Praemunire was a criminal charge against the clergy which was revoked after a large bribe (1530 – 1531); meanwhile, the Act in Restraint of Annates prevented Rome from its traditional practice of taking a proportion of the clergy’s pay (1532). The Act in Restraint of Appeals (1533) was a step forward for Henry – while the other legislation was primarily aimed at weakening the Church financially, this act reduced Rome’s political power by preventing people appealing to Rome against a decision made by the powers in England.
Realizing the mistake in which they had made, the cardinals met in Anagni. At this meeting they declared Urban VI’s election as irregular and called for his resignation. After his refusal, the cardinals elected Frenchman Robert of Geneva pope. He took on the name Clement VII and moved the papacy back to Avignon. Clement VII and Urban VI both excommunicated each other from the church giving rise to The Great
It was first addressed as a problem during the Gregorian reform, when Pope Leo IX condemned the bishop of Sutri for simony and the bishop then died on the spot (Bennett pg. 170). This event led Leo IX to campaign against Church corruption. In her textbook, Medieval Europe: A Short History, Judith M. Bennett says: To many lay princes, this sale of Church offices was entirely
Anyone who disputed him being head of the church were either dismissed from office, imprisoned or executed. Sir Thomas More was one of the people who refused to change religion and he was beheaded at Tower Hill in 1535. One result of Henry's break from Rome was his relationship with Spain and France. As they were both Catholic countries the Pope encouraged Francis I of France and Charles V of Spain to declare war on Henry as an enemy of the Church. In 1535 Henry gave Thomas Cromwell, his
It reflects on the remarkable result of Luther’s efforts to reform Catholic theology and practice of the Roman Church. Today, there are 400 million Protestants and 70 million of them being members of the Lutheran Church. The outcome of the Protestant Reformation in Christianity created an unnecessary division between Protestants and Roman Catholics and their different beliefs. Charles V ordered the Pope to organize a meeting in order for Protestants to be a legitimately apart of Christianity. This is known as the Counter-Reformation.