These EFA’s consist of two primary lipids, Omega-3 (alpha-lenolenic acid) and Omega-6 (linoleic acid). They assist the body in many ways, of which include: * Hormone production * Functioning and proper development of brain and nervous system * Regulation of blood pressure and blood clotting mechanisms * The breakdown and transportation of cholesterol These lipids also play a part in the development of healthy skin and hair. (Rohland, 2014) Lipids are able to partially cross a plasma membrane by the formation of a bilayer. This layer covers the hydrophobic tail, which stays behind buried inside of the membrane, allowing the polar head to be exposed to and in contact with the water. Cholesterol helps to form the bilayer membrane that surrounds each cell within the body.
Surface area to volume ratio has a direct effect on the amount of water (as well as nutrients and waste) that can diffuse through the plasma membrane. It is a big factor in determining the size of a cell (Biology Department, 2010). This is because the rate that substances can diffuse across the plasma membrane
When these factors vary, enzymes may change in shape so it will not be able to bond to the specific substance anymore. What is trypsin? Trypsin is produced in the pancreas as typsinogen originally allowing metabolic control. It is used widely in various biotechnological processes because it is very easy to be purified. Method: Material: • Trypsin • Casein • Water bath (to keep the temperature constant) • Colorimeter (to measure the rate of enzyme activity) • Thermometer • Test Tubes (to contain the casein and the buffer solution) • Stop watch (to control and measure the time) • Distilled water (to mix with trypsin to produce the buffer solution) • Test tube rack (to prevent the tubes rolling and smashing) Protocol: • Put 2.5 cm³ of 5% with reconstituted casein in 6 of the test
Extrinsic proteins can join with carbohydrates to form glycocalyx, which allows for cell communication, as well as for recognition of own cells in order to prevent an auto-immune response. Intrinsic proteins include carrier proteins and channel proteins, which allow for specific substances to enter and exit the cell. Substances that aren’t small enough to diffuse across the bilayer, or aren’t lipid soluble like hormones, can’t pass the membrane unless they go through channel/carrier proteins via facilitated diffusion. This is the case with the passing of Na+ ions out of the neurone axon. Neurones also have a sodium-potassium pump embedded into the neurone membrane, which allows for the neurone’s resting potential to be maintained.
This is very important as this allows osmosis occurs in our bodies. Plasma is forced out of the capillaries under high hydrostatic pressure to form tissue fluid. Some of the tissue fluid is return in capillary ends and some is returned to the blood by the lymphatic system. Plasma carries glucose, ions, waste product, respiratory gases and hormones around the body. Small molecules such as oxygen and carbon dioxide can diffuse in and out of the cells through the phospholipid bilayer; ions and glucose molecules enter and leave the cell via the channel proteins.
It is important for an IV solution to have salts in it so the water and solute can be equal to create an isotonic environment. If there wasn’t, there would either be a hypotonic causing the cell to burst, or there would be hypertonic causing the cell to shrink. We created models of living cells by using dialysis tubing. The dialysis tube represented the cell membrane to act as selectively permeable to water and some solutes. We observed different solutes (NaCl, Ovalbumin, Glucose, Sucrose, and Water) in the dialysis tubing.
Smaller solutes and fluid pass through the membrane, but the membrane blocks the passage of larger substances (for example, red blood cells, large proteins). This replicates the filtering process that takes place in the kidneys, when the blood enters the kidneys and the larger substances are separated from the smaller ones in the glomerulus. a process by which molecules of a solvent tend to pass through a semipermeable membrane from a less concentrated solution into a more concentrated one, thus equalizing the concentrations on each side of the membrane. In this lab, one will observe the properties of diffusion and osmosis and model the data one receives on a standard curve. With knowledge of water potentials, one can chart the gains and losses of water to find the molarity of a specific solution.
Renal Function Tests Background: Kidney function tests are common lab tests used to evaluate how well the kidneys are working. Renal tests can show how quickly body wastes are being removed and whether the kidneys are also leaking abnormal amounts of protein. In this practical serum creatinine, serum urea and urinary protein have been investigated. Creatinine is a breakdown product of creatine, an important component of muscle. The production of creatinine depends on muscle mass, which varies very little.
Vitamin B7 (Biotin) * Function: Essential in the metabolism and synthesis of essential fatty acids, carbohydrates and fats and the release of energy from these foods. Keeps hair, skin and nails healthy. Vitamin B9 (Folic acid) * Function: Required for the production of red blood cells, DNA and proteins in the body. It is important for the growth and repair of cells and tissues and is especially important during pregnancy to prevent babies being born with spina bifida. Vitamin B12 * Function: Required for the metabolism process and to maintain the nervous system.
The renal capsule is itself surrounded by a mass of fatty tissue that also helps to protect the kidney by damage by cushioning it in cases of impact or sudden movement. Renal cortex: The renal cortex is the outer part of the kidney and has a reddish colour (shown as very pale brown above). It has a smooth texture and is the location of the Bowman's Capsules and the glomeruli, in addition to the proximal and distal convoluted tubules and their associated blood supplies (these structures are part of the k idney nephrons - described in further detail on the page about k idney nephrons). Renal medulla: The renal medulla is the inner part of the kidney. "Medulla" means "inner portion".