I will be explaining the principle psychological perspectives applied to the understanding of the development of individuals. One of the major theorists of cognitive development was Jean Piaget, who argued that cognitive development occurs in four different stages: 1. The sensori-motor stage (0-2 Years): during this stage children are very egocentric; they cannot see the world from the viewpoints of others. From birth to around 1 month old, infants use reflexes like rooting and sucking, relying on their five senses to explore the world around them. A couple of months on from this stage, an infant would learn to coordinate sensation with two types of schema: habit and circular reactions, causing a primary circular reaction.
Jean Piaget best described the stages from birth to two years in what he called the sensorimotor stage. It is a stage based on infants and toddlers cognitive development. An infant uses his or her senses and motor abilities to understand the world, beginning with reflexes and ending with complex combinations of sensorimotor skills (Boeree, G.C. (2009). During the first four months of life, according to Piaget, infants interact with the world through primary circular reactions.
At the end of the second year they walk alone and run. At the end of the third year a child of this age will learn to climb and run easily. They will hold a pencil in writing position and be able to turn pages in a book. By the end of the fourth year they will be going up and down stairs unassisted. They will be able to kick a ball.
Towards 18 months your baby will be able to use a spoon and control the spoons to their mouths, turn handles, pull off shoes and assist with dressing and undressing. Your baby will now stand without support and begin to walk during this stage, and will begin to climb on furniture and stairs, and come down again backwards, so will need constant supervision. Your baby should now be able to kneel without support, and may push and pull toys when walking. From around 15months your baby will be able to let themselves down in a controlled manner without dropping with a bump. At around 18months your baby's walking should be well established and they will no longer need to use their arms for balance.
Erikson’s Timeline Elizabeth McWilliams PSY 230 September 29, 2013 Dr. B. Morford Erik Erikson’s Eight Stages of Development takes a less sexual approach than Sigmund Freud at how we, as individuals, develop through life. Each stage, represented by a period in our life, is categorized by certain events and milestones from our birth to our death. The first stage, called trust vs. mistrust, takes place in our infancy. The second and third stages of autonomy vs. shame and doubt, and initiative vs. guilt, respectively, take place in childhood, specifically through the toddler and preschool years. The fourth stage, industry vs. inferiority, happens during the school years of childhood.
By two years old, children begin testing and exploring this idea. Three year olds understand visual perception and the concept of hiding objects. By the time a child is four, they understand that people can have incorrect thoughts about the world. In opposition to the traditional understanding that babies and young children learn and think differently than adults, Gopnik suggests that babies and young children use the same learning methods as scientists. They “observe, formulate theories, make predictions, and do experiments” (Gopnik, 237) to learn about people, objects, and their surroundings.
“Unlike Skinner, Bandura (1977) believes that humans are active information processors and think about the relationship between their behaviour and its consequences. Observational learning could not occur unless cognitive processes were at work.” (http://www.simplypsychology.org). The Bobo Doll Experiment was done in 1961 by Bandura, to try and prove his belief that all human behaviour was learned, through social imitation and copying. For the experiment, Bandura selected a number of children, varying in age from 3 to 6 years. Adults modelled a aggressive behaviour against a bobo doll, the child then watched this, the child was then left with the doll, it was shown that the child would mimic this behaviour and also be aggressive towards the doll, it was also shown that if the adult was of the same sex of the child the mimicking was
How and why Bandura’s research on imitative aggression can be relevant for parents. Purpose of this report: • summarise Bandura and briefly explain his experiment on imitative aggression • identify the findings on imitative aggression • beneficial effects of Bandura’s research for parents Background Albert Bandura is a Canadian psychologist, working at Stanford University in USA, where in 1961 he and his colleagues conducted well known and influential Bobo Doll experiment on a group of ninety-six children of age between 3 and 6. The purpose of this experiment was to examine if children would imitate aggressive actions carried by another person or character. Moreover, Bandura wanted to find out what factors would influence children’s behaviour thus he divided children by gender (Oates, 2012, p.109) and introduce them to three different variations: a real-life person, a human-film person, and a “cartoon”-film person, which were called ‘models’ (Assignment Booklet, 2013, p.11). Also, models in first two groups were divided by gender.
| Concept Books For Younger Children | Sherry Casey | ECE335: Amanda Dixon | Ashford University | 4/23/2012 | | Concept books are designed to teach or emphasize an idea or concept such as color, shape, size, alphabet, counting, or emotions. They do not contain the story elements of setting characters or plot. (Carlson, 1998)They foster visual literacy and language development. Several of the concepts that outline the center of many concept books, such as one-to-one number correspondence, are usually gained toward the end of early childhood (around seven years of age). Some concept books could certainly be a child’s first picture books; but if used at a developmentally suitable moment in the child’s life.
A few weeks after birth, the baby begins to understand some of the information it is receiving from it's senses, and learns to use some muscles and limbs for movement. These developments are known as 'action schemas'. Babies are unable to consider anyone else's needs, wants or interests, and are therefore considered to be 'ego centric'. During the Sensory Motor Stage, knowledge about objects and the ways that they can be manipulated is acquired. Through the acquisition of information about self and the world, and the