U.S. 483, 491, 494–495 (1954) I chose Brown V. Board of Education. Facts: Multi similar cases joined into one under the name Brown before the United States Supreme Court on December 9, 1952. Children of black families sought aid in being able to attend the public schools of their community without segregation. In each case they had been denied entrance to the schools that were attended by white children. It is alleged that the segregation deprived the plaintiffs of equal protection of the laws under the Fourteenth Amendment.
Parents soon recognized that there children deserved to be treated equally instead of feeling beneath everyone else. By the late 1950s, the Lincoln Elementary School was one of twelve elementary schools in New Rochelle. It had the highest percentage of African American students and some of the lowest test scores (Document 7). The districts were dividing the districts borders to the white’s advantage to create a de facto all black school. Districts were drawn as a primarily white community within the borders of the Lincoln School area traveled to the Webster School for their education rather than attending Lincoln.
Therefore, Linda's father, Oliver Brown, tried to enroll her in the white elementary school, but the principal of the school denied the request. Outraged, Brown went to McKinley Burnett, the head of Topeka's branch of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) and asked for help. The NAACP was eager to assist the Browns, as it had long wanted to challenge segregation in public schools. With some other black parents joining Brown, in 1951, the NAACP requested a ruling that would forbid the segregation of Topeka's public schools. The Case At the trial, the NAACP’s main argument was that segregated schools sent the message to black children that they were inferior to whites;
It forced President Eisenhower, who would have preferred to do nothing, to take some action. In 1957 Eisenhower introduced the first Civil Rights Act since 1875. It set up a commission to prosecute anybody who tried to deny American citizens their rights. It attracted world-wide attention and was on television screens across the USA. When Faubus closed all the schools in Arkansas in September 1958, he was forced to reopen them to black and white students by the Supreme Court.
Because of lack of communication Elizabeth Eckford, one of the nine students, she was forced to march up the street alone with people shouting insults. Violence broke out and troops had to be sent to make sure that the students could attend school safely. This was quite effective as a result of 2,600 African American students were attending a white-only school. To put African Americans and white children in the same classrooms was very effective because such a change was meant to alter the attitudes and socialization of children at the youngest of ages meant the end to segregated schools as children had become accused to sharing facilities with the black race. Although
This ruling was forever change the future of the school system for native born Black Americans and immigrants alike. At that time the court ruled unanimously to overturn the original ruling. Mexican Americans especially considered the desegregation a very important ruling in their plight for civil rights. In 1947 Mexican Americans brought a similar case before the court in Bastrop, Texas on behalf of a first grader Minerva Delgado in the case of Delgado et al v. Bastrop et al but before this case was ever taken to court a Texas judge ordered an end to segregation. This case was the precedent in Brown vs. Board of Education.
This decision was a life changing experience for equality and is still continuing to this day. According to the fourteenth amendment , Segregation of white and black children in the public schools of a State solely on the basis of race, pursuant to state laws permitting or requiring such segregation, denies to Negro children the equal protection of the laws Amendment . (http://www.nationalcenter.org/brown) Brown 3 The Supreme Court case Brown versus the Board of Education aimed to end unconstitutional discrimination against black people in the United States. (McDonald, 2009) . During the trial, psychologist Kenneth B. Clark argued that the segregation of black children faced many self esteem issues and hindered there ability to learn due to the racial issues that they were faced with.
When the superintendent gets word that lawyers and the NAACP are coming to represent the school, the district gets scared and tries to talk them out of it. Many of the children that attend school have parents that work for the farm owners in the community. They threaten the parents and fire them from their jobs in order to deter them from supporting the lawsuit against them. The school district tries to persuade the court by telling them that they were planning on renovating the school and making it equal to that of the white kids school, but that it would take time to make the necessary changes. The case ended up being seen by the US supreme court when they found in favor of the plaintiff’s that the school district could not maintain its separate but equal standard and racially segregate the school districts.
Bivens v. Albuquerque Public Schools (1995) (Uerling, 1997) challenged the first amendment rights of a young black youth who wanted to wear sagging pants to declare his identity. The court said that clothing was not necessarily a way to express free speech and defiant acts may not be protected speech under the Constitution of the United States (Uerling, 1997). In Appendix A is an overview of studies mentioned in this review of literature. Note the progression of classic cases in our judicial system defining one’s First Amendment rights (favoring the individual) as a student in school to invoking more rules and regulations for the entire school environment. The courts scrutinized each case because every case had different variables which resulted in a separate and different decision.
The first attempt to integrate Little Rock Central High School in Arkansas in September 1957 played an extremely important part in the black civil rights movement in America. Some of the causes of this were: Generational Racism The 1954 Supreme Court decision to integrate schools throughout America Eisenhower's little faith in supporting the black community in the south because it may make it worse. The first cause I will discuss with the Little Rock crisis was generational racism, that is racism from parent to child from when blacks were slaves. The consequences of this was the mind set that was in a fair amount of white citizens of Arkansas (racism). The families of the white students would not let this happen, and may have decided