Therefore, platelets undergo degranulation the exocytosis of their cytoplasmic granules and release of factors that promote hemostasis. Aggregation is occurs when serotonin (vasoconstrictor), ADP (attracts more platelets and stimulates their degranulation), and thromboxane A2 (stimulates degranulation and vasoconstriction) are released. Thus it can quickly seal a small break in blood vessel. Coagulation is the last process of the hemostasis. It has three ways; intrinsic, extrinsic and common pathways.
This is very important as this allows osmosis occurs in our bodies. Plasma is forced out of the capillaries under high hydrostatic pressure to form tissue fluid. Some of the tissue fluid is return in capillary ends and some is returned to the blood by the lymphatic system. Plasma carries glucose, ions, waste product, respiratory gases and hormones around the body. Small molecules such as oxygen and carbon dioxide can diffuse in and out of the cells through the phospholipid bilayer; ions and glucose molecules enter and leave the cell via the channel proteins.
These consequences affect all the organ systems in the body. (Carol Mattson Porth, Glenn Matfin 2009) Cause: The presented patient scenario along with the information given indicate that Ms. Smith suffers from ARF that is caused by severe dehydration. This severe dehydration in turn produces Prerenal acute renal failure due to decrease renal blood flow and decrease glomerular perfusion and filtration. Based on the above patient diagnosis the labs would be as follows: K or potassium will be elevated to more than the normal ratio: K >5 Creatinine elevated: >2 Bun elevated: >20 Urea & sulfate will be elevated Sodium levels will be normal or low Calcium will be low & phosphate will be high. Hgb will be low: <12 Urinalysis: patient has low urine output and urine will have low specific gravity.
1. Discuss the basic functions of Potassium in the body, please. * Most abundant intracellular cation in the body * Assist in controlling normal cardiac, nerve functioning, skeletal muscle contraction, and the function of both smooth muscles and endocrine tissues * Regulates the synthesis of glycogen and protein * The amount of K+ can influence intracellular osmolarity and volume 2. Please discuss the pathophysiology and etiology of Potassium imbalance. Hypokalemia * When the body has low levels of potassium (<3.5 mEq/L) it can lead to cardiac and respiratory arrest if the problem isn’t corrected.
1) Coronary artery disease occurs when fatty deposits called plaque build up inside the coronary arteries. The coronary arteries wrap around the heart and supply it with blood and oxygen. When plaque builds up, it narrows the arteries and reduces the amount of blood that gets to your heart. This can lead to serious problems, including heart attack. 2) Coronary artery disease is usually caused by a build-up of fatty deposits on the walls of the coronary arteries.
When a person is on dialysis, renal failure brings out several homeostatic imbalances. One major homeostatic imbalances occurs with electrolytes and that leads to other problems. Hyperkalemia can occur is a person’s calcium levels if they are higher than the amount that can be separated and expelled from the blood or tissues in the waste. When a person is on dialysis, they may experience other conditions due to the increased removal of fluids. These conditions can be low blood pressure and muscular cramping.
The hydrolyzed chylomicrons become chylomicron remnants. These remnants continue to circulate until they interact through apolipoprotein E together with the chylomicron remnants receptors, originated mainly in the liver. This contact normally causes the endocytosis of these chylomicron remnants, which hydrolyze within the lissome. The lysosomal hydrolysis leads to the release of fatty
The Renin-Angiotensin System Renin is synthesized and stored in an inactive form called prorenin in the juxtaglomerular cells of the kidneys. These cells are modified smooth muscle cells located in the walls of the afferent arterioles. When the arterial pressure falls, intrinsic reactions in the kidneys themselves cause many of the prorenin molecules in the JG cells to split and release renin. Most of the renin enters the renal blood and then passes out of the kidneys to circulate throughout the entire body .
This is caused by atherosclerosis, which is an accumulation of fatty materials on the inner linings of arteries. Resulting in a blockage, that restricts the blood flow to the heart. A heart attack occurs when the blood flow is completely cut off from the heart. Therefore it is important to keep yourself healthy so you will not have a heart attack. Coronary artery disease is the leading cause of death for both men and women in the U.S.
When the cell become in contact with each other and a new adhesion molecules formed, the migration process stops. Furthermore, the keratinocytes release protein to rebuild the basement membrane. Re-epithelialization process is triggered by many wound associated signals include nitric oxide (NO) which produced by macrophages during early stages of wound healing [16], growth factors including epidermal growth factors (EGF) KGF, IGF-1, and nerve growth factor (NGF) that released from many cell kinds in the wounds. Angiogenesis is a process by which new blood vessel formation is established to supply the damaged area with oxygen and nutrient which are important during wound healing. Angiogenesis is started by by growth factors such as platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), and the serine protease thrombin.