Biological treatments act directly on the biological mechanisms that cause, or are involved in, mental illness. This can be, for example, by altering the function or availability of a neurotransmitter, changing the way certain cells in the nervous system function, or removing dysfunctional parts of the nervous system. The three main biological treatments for mental illness are drug therapy, electrocomplulsive therapy (ECT) and psychosurgery Drugs that have been found to usefully treat mental illnesses generally work by changing the amount of a neurotransmitter that is available at a synapse. If, for example, a neurotransmitter causes a certain behaviour then stopping the neurotransmitter working, by making less of it available, may reduce the behaviour it causes. Or it may be useful to increase the quantity of a certain neurotransmitter so the behaviour it affects may be increased.
The effects of ethanol and nicotine on the cardio vascular system in Lumbriculus variegatus Introduction: The importance of the circulatory system was first suggested by William Harvey in 1628. In this experiment the effects of drugs on the cardio vascular system will be tested and studied specifically on the pulsation rate. The role of the cardio vascular system is the distribution of oxygen, nutrients and resources, as well as the removal of waste products, certain factors that affect these processes may be various gases, chemicals consumed may upset the ph or interfere with other physiological processes, certain chemicals may stimulate or inhibit physiology in an organism. The test subject that will undergo treatment is the blackworm Lumbriculus variegatus, blackworms are suitable because of the visibility of pulse through their transparent skin, the pulse is observed under the microscope travelling from tail to head in the dorsal blood vessel blackworms are low maintenance organisms, ideal to use in the laboratory and finally are easier to treat, by just exposing them to chemicals they undergo changes with physiological functions (as opposed to mice that need to be inhaled, fed or injected with treatments). Lumbricalis variegates cardio vascular system has a myogenic nature(myogenic-depolarisation impulses for heartbeats originating in muscle cells), the dorsal and ventral blood vessels have peristaltic pumps (Halfmann & Crisp 2011).
(1993) ‘Hemorrheologic effects of Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761. Dose-dependent effect of EGb 761 on microcirculation and viscoelasticity of blood. Fortschr Med. (vol 111) 170-172. Luchsinger, J.A., and Mayeux, R. (2004) Dietary factors and Alzheimer's Disease.
etnopsico.org. Retrieved 04 15, 2012, from Addiction, Despair, and the Soul: Successful Psychedelic Psychotherapy, A Case Study : http://www.etnopsico.org/index.php?option=content&task=view&id=61 Tierney, J. (2010, April 11). Hallucinogens Have Doctors Tuning In Again. Retrieved April 15, 2012, from New York Times: http://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/12/science/12psychedelics.html Thill, S. (2008, Feburary 11).
MS-Contin Drug Description MS CONTIN® (morphine sulfate) Controlled-Release Tablets 15 mg 30 mg 60 mg 100 mg* 200 mg* *100 mg and 200 mg are for use in opioid-tolerant patients only WARNING MS CONTIN contains morphine sulfate, an opioid agonist and a Schedule II controlled substance, with an abuse liability similar to other opioid analgesics. Morphine can be abused in a manner similar to other opioid agonists, legal or illicit. This should be considered when prescribing or dispensing MS CONTIN in situations where the physician or pharmacist is concerned about an increased risk of misuse, abuse, or diversion. MS CONTIN Tablets are a controlled-release oral formulation of morphine sulfate indicated for the management of moderate to
Many prescription drugs have been released onto the market that effectively target the levels of certain hormones which in turn enable one to counteract the symptoms of ADHD (3). Adderall is a cocktail of several active ingredients that include amphetamine salts, an active ingredient in many ADHD medications. These amphetamines are thought to treat ADHD by blocking the reuptake of dopamine from the neural synapses and increasing the uptake into subsequent neurons. The increased dopamine flow in the frontal cortex then allows the brain to carry on its executive functions as a normal brain would, thus counteracting the effects of ADHD(4). So, as a stressed out college student striving to succeed in school and boost my GPA, I sit here wondering how much faster and more efficiently I could have written this paper had I been taking Adderall.
Alcohol and Caffeine vs. Daphnia heart rate Abstract This experiment was performed to observe the effects of alcohol and caffeine on the heart rate of a Daphnia magna. There was a control group used along with the alcohol and caffeine to make sure we got accurate results. It was predicted that the increasing concentrations of alcohol would decrease heart rate and the increasing concentrations of caffeine would increase heart rate, based on pervious experiments. The results of this experiment proved the predictions to be valid and helped to make educated decisions about the effects of alcohol and caffeine in any living organism. Introduction Caffeine is a stimulant and diuretic.
Print. This article talks about the variability in the sedation-analgesia and neuromuscular blockade protocols in therapeutic hypothermia in comatose survivors of cardiac arrest. The patient may have renal or hepatic involvement and the medications that can be used are susceptible to complications with the use of these drugs. Metabolism and elimination of these drugs are delayed for an unpredictable amount of time. Hypothermia produces delay in metabolism
Exelon (rivastigmine) used to treat moderate to severe dementia, this is taken via a transdermal patch applied to the skin. Ebixa (memantine) used to treat severe dementia; this is taken in tablet or oral form. Reminyl, Aricept and Exelon belong to a group of drugs called ACE inhibitors. They prevent enzymes breaking down acetylcholine in the brain, acetylcholine communicates between nerve cells in the brain. Ebixa is not an ACE inhibitor, but blocks a chemical called glutamate from damaging brain cells.
Phenylalanine also disrupts amino acid metabolism, hormonal equilibrium, and nerve functions. Aspartic acid is believed to function as an excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system (CNS). Methanol gets converted to formate, it is either excreted or it gets accumulated in the body to form formaldehyde, diketopiperazine (a carcinogen), and other potent toxic products. (Humphries, P. and N., 2008, An artificial sweetener that can cause irreversible damage to your brain and body, Nutrition Research Newsletter, 27(5), 6-7. Retrieved from http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0887/is_5_ 27/ai_n26672568/?tag