For instance, “the sale of indulgences for the benefit of the church of Rome specifically for the rebuilding of St. Peters Cathedral provoked harsh criticism, especially by those who saw the luxuries of the papacy as a betrayal of apostolic ideals ” (Fiero 119). Martin Luther stated a list of objections, called the Ninety-Five Theses, against the Roman Catholic Church. The Protestant Reformation changed the course of Western civilization for the long term which led to the impact on the arts using Northern Renaissance art, music and literature. Protestant reformers made two new printmaking processes, which were woodcut and engraving. Compared to the too expensive hand-illuminated manuscripts, books with printed pictures became an inexpensive option for all (Fiero 127).
By examining the various primary sources, lecture notes, and textbook, I conclude that the Roman world was transformed by the way people understood the relationship between religion and the state during this period because each leader believed in a different way to bring success and dominance over Western Europe causing Christianity to evolve in the Roman Empire. From 284 to 305 CE, Diocletian ruled as emperor of the Eastern Empire. Diocletian “appointed three men to share his rule” creating a tetrarchy government to provide more effectual governance over the empire by balancing authority and territory. He convened for Lactantius, master of Latin rhetoric, to teach rhetoric at the imperial government and to manage the “Latinity of the imperial court’s official documents;” thus making Lactantius an important eyewitness to Diocletian’s reign. According to Lactantius’s On the Deaths of the Persecutors, in February 303 CE, Diocletian launched the last persecution of Christians which denied Christians of all legal rights.
Renaissance and Protestant Reformation Name: University: Course: Tutor: Date: Renaissance and Protestant Reformation The protestant reformation within the western Christianity was the schism initiated such Protestants like john Wycliffe, martin Luther, john Calvin among others. It was touched off by the 1517 posting of Luther’s ninety five theses. The main aim of these self described reformers was objection to the doctrines, rituals, leadership as well as the ecclesiastical structure of the Roman Catholic Church and it led to the creation of new national protestant churches (Kelly, 2009). The reformation was occasioned by early event in the European continent such as the Black Death and the western schism which impacted negatively on the people’s faith in the Catholic Church as well as the papacy that governed it. There was also the impact of the renaissance ideas which spread through the print press as well as the fall of eastern Roman Empire.
The church said that the only way you could get time out of purgatory or save a family member from purgatory was to buy indulgences this means that the monks will pray for you and your family. This was criticised by the Protestants because they argued that purgatory was not mentioned in the bible and that Rome was shaping religion to benefit them. Also the influence of European Protestants helped influence the change in England, this is proven by the protestant stronghold that was located in south east England this is because of the influence from the German and Dutch traders who would come to England and share their views also in the south the people were generally more educated so they were able to relate to the information and find faults in catholism. Henry V111 religious convictions are also a reason to why the church changed from catholism to Protestantism, one religious conviction was the First act of Annates in 1532 this banned payment of annates to Rome. It also threatened that bishops could be consecrated
Within the public intensions the king wanted to bring the clergymen into the sphere of his subjects. Clergymen of England were under the influence of the Pope, and saw the king as a second leadership figure. The Monasteries were also an outdated system that needed to be changed, for the better according to Henry VIII. The Dissolution would also show if the monasteries were suitable to serve as hospitals and as educational centres for the people of England. However, Henry and Cromwell had their own private intensions to dissolve the monasteries.
In education especially the control of the church was used to influence future generations in its favour. Leaders of the church were sympathetic to nationalists if there was no violence involved in their movements but after the Anglo-Irish Treaty 1921, they were in favour of the free state. During the civil war they even would excommunicate republicans so when there was peace in 1923 bishops were confident to be highly influential in the new state especially since it was a mostly catholic population. In the 1920s many Free State citizens thought the granting of independence as a triumph for the long time suffering Irish catholic against the officially protestant British state. This strengthened the view of the catholic religion with Irish identity and with a widespread decline of the Irish language; many valued their catholic religion as one of their main signs of their Irish identity.
Chris Hooker World History Enlightenment Period in Europe The age of Enlightenment took place between the time when Louis XIV died (1715), and the coup d'etat (1799, when Napoleon came into power. It is during this time period that the French Revolution occurred, as well as several other stages of reform. Strongly influenced by the pertinent reformations, the people began to exit the times of darkness, and entered a time of growth. The ideas of growth, reason, and natural law built a strong foundation for the enlightenment. (Outram, 16-80) Incredible faith in human reason as well as the advancement of secularism was an important goal of European countries during this time period.
Henry had spent a lot of money on wars in Europe, expensive clothes and food so he wanted to make up the loss by being head of the church. This meant Henry would have more money for himself. Finally, Henry made himself head of the English Church because he knew that previous kings had been unhappy with the amount of power the Pope had over the English church so he decided he wanted complete control over his country. Henry wanted power to divorce without the Pope's consent and in general Henry wanted more power over England's land. Henry wanted a divorce from Catherine of Aragon because she could not produce a son.
The role the military played in the expansion of Christianity differed from that of Islam. Christianity and Islam both made use of syncretism in the expansion of their religions. Christianity was influenced by much of Imperial Rome’s governmental structure and used the leadership of the bishop of Rome, called the pope. The celebration of Christ’s birth was moved to coincide with the winter solstice. This allowed the new faith to benefit from the power of selective older rituals and gave them remarkable strength and power.
Even spread the faith to different countries that had many Protestants. By the time that Loyola died, the Jesuits had already spread out to Africa, India, Japan and America. The Jesuits also made the Catholic Church look kind of decent after the whole Martin Luther incident. My second reason why the Counter Reformation had a positive effect on European history is that the Catholic Church had fixed many of its problems. The group that wanted change in the church was the council of Trent, invented by Pope Paul the 3rd.